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These include endothelin (ET)\u20101, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, membrane\u2010type stem cell factor (SCF) and growth\u2010related oncogene\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> for interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes, and hepatocyte growth factor and soluble type SCF for interactions between fibroblasts and melanocytes. These networks are also associated with corresponding receptors expressed on melanocytes, including ET B receptor and the SCF receptor, c\u2010KIT. Consistent with in\u00a0vitro findings on the melanogenic paracrine or autocrine cytokine networks, we have found that the up\u2010 or down\u2010regulation of such networks is intrinsically involved in\u00a0vivo in the stimulation of melanocyte functions in several epidermal hyper\u2010 or hypo\u2010pigmentary disorders. These are ET\u20101\/ET B receptor as well as membrane type SCF\/c\u2010KIT for ultraviolet B\u2010melanosis, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor for ultraviolet A\u2010melanosis, ET\u20101\/ET B receptor as well as membrane type SCF for lentigo senilis, growth related oncogene\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> for Riehl's melanosis, sphingosylphosphorylcholine for hyperpigmentation in atopic dermatitis, ET\u20101 for seborrhoeic keratosis, soluble type SCF as well as hepatocyte growth factor for dermatofibroma and caf\u00e9\u2010au\u2010lait macules, and c\u2010KIT for vitiligo vulgaris. These unveiled regulatory mechanisms involved in the abnormal up\u2010 or down\u2010regulated levels of lesional melanocyte function provide new insights into therapeutic tools utilizing blockage of responsible cytokine networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,28]],"date-time":"2004-12-28T07:36:52Z","timestamp":1104219412000},"page":"96-110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":329,"title":["Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Melanocytes in Human Skin and in Pigmentary Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Genji","family":"Imokawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55277-7","article-title":"Effects of endothelins on signal transduction and 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