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In addition this disease can be socially devastating for afflicted individuals. The etiology of vitiligo is poorly understood. The present dogma suggests that genetic factors render the melanocyte fragile thus predisposing individuals to developing vitiligo. When subjected to instigating factors, these susceptible, fragile melanocytes undergo apoptosis. Autoimmune factors then perpetuate the removal of the melanocyte component from the skin. In the majority of cases the instigating factors are not known (idiopathic vitiligo), however a small sub\u2010set of individuals develop contact\/occupational vitiligo following exposure to particular chemicals. Many of these chemicals have been implicated in both contact\/occupational vitiligo and chemical leukoderma. Both conditions present with well\u2010defined, depigmented skin lesions that develop following exposure. Only in the case of vitiligo does the depigmentation spread beyond the areas of contact, probably via an immune\u2010mediated mechanism. The largest class of chemicals known to trigger contact\/occupational vitiligo is the phenolic\/catecholic derivatives. Many have been demonstrated to be preferentially cytotoxic to melanocytes, with high\u2010dose exposure resulting in the initiation of apoptosis. Phenolic\/catecholic derivatives are structurally similar to the melanin precursor tyrosine, and therefore tyrosinase was originally implicated as a mediator of cytotoxicity. However, our data suggests that tyrosinase\u2010related protein\u20101, rather than tyrosinase, facilitates toxicity, possibly by catalytic conversion of the compounds, which results in the generation of radical oxygen species. The ensuing oxidative stress then triggers activation of cellular free radical scavenging pathways to prevent cell death. Genetic inability of melanocytes to tolerate and\/or respond to the oxidative stress may underlie the etiology of contact\/occupational vitiligo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2004.00130.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,11]],"date-time":"2004-05-11T08:51:22Z","timestamp":1084265482000},"page":"208-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":229,"title":["On the Etiology of Contact\/Occupational Vitiligo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Raymond E.","family":"Boissy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashiela","family":"Manga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","first-page":"362","volume-title":"Dermatology in General Medicine","author":"Stoll HL","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","first-page":"377","volume-title":"Dermatology in General Medicine","author":"Scott EJ.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)70227-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.12.s2.1.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(60)90409-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(92)85027-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12581580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1984.01650380055010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660250057017","article-title":"Possible functional impairment of Langerhans cells in vitiliginous skin: reduced ability to elicit dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitivity reaction and decreased stimulatory effect in the allogeneic mixed skin cell lymphocyte culture reaction","volume":"123","author":"Hatchome N","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1992.tb00563.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70028-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1993.tb00584.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"1210","volume-title":"Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery: An Integrated Program in Dermatology","author":"Boissy RE","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg","author":"Le Poole C","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","first-page":"981","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of vitiligo: multilocus recessivity cross validated","volume":"55","author":"Nath SK","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70416-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"The Pigmentary System. 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