{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:58:19Z","timestamp":1778525899925,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]],"date-time":"2004-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1089590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pigment Cell Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tyrosinase has a role in melanin synthesis and several defects of the tyrosinase gene lead to albinism. Here, we cloned and characterized rainbow trout tyrosinase cDNAs and carried out the molecular and biochemical characterization of albino mutants. Two types of cDNA were cloned: tyrosinase\u20101 (<jats:italic>Tyr\u20101<\/jats:italic>) and tyrosinase\u20102 (<jats:italic>Tyr\u20102<\/jats:italic>). Both contained regions predicted to encode structural features of tyrosinase, and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that <jats:italic>Tyr\u20101<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tyr\u20102<\/jats:italic> were members of the tyrosinase family. <jats:italic>Tyr\u20101<\/jats:italic> transcripts were first detected in embryos at 5\u2003d post\u2010fertilization (dpf) and <jats:italic>Tyr\u20102<\/jats:italic> transcripts at 15 dpf. 3,4\u2010dihydroxyphenylalanine assays revealed significantly reduced tyrosinase activities in dominant and recessive albino mutants compared with wild\u2010type embryos. However, reverse\u2010transcription PCR showed no differences in the amounts or lengths of the coding regions of <jats:italic>Tyr\u20101<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tyr\u20102<\/jats:italic> transcripts between wild\u2010type embryos and albino mutants. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (AMOs) designed to knockdown tyrosinase gene expression in wild\u2010type embryos led to reduced pigmentation in the retina and skin of embryos at 25 and 35\u2003dpf, respectively. Furthermore, the tyrosinase activities of AMO\u2010treated embryos were significantly reduced. We conclude that both <jats:italic>Tyr\u20101<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tyr\u20102<\/jats:italic> are crucial for melanin synthesis in rainbow trout embryos. Furthermore, we describe a potential application of AMOs in the treatment of hyperpigmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2004.00166.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]],"date-time":"2004-07-12T14:59:02Z","timestamp":1089644342000},"page":"413-421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Molecular Cloning, Gene Expression in Albino Mutants and Gene Knockdown Studies of Tyrosinase mRNA in Rainbow Trout"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Surintorn","family":"Boonanuntanasarn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goro","family":"Yoshizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Iwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(87)90095-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6810464"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Albinism in the cultured amago salmon, Oncorhynchus masou ishikawai: Abstract","volume":"47","author":"Yamamoto A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Suisanzoshoku"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.19.492.867"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","first-page":"253","volume":"4","author":"Hazzard AS.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Record of an \u2018\u2018albino lake trout\u2019\u2019Christivomer namaycush (Walbaum). 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