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The first formulations of these drugs contained much higher doses of estrogens and progestins than those available today, and these were associated with an unacceptably high rate of unwanted effects including serious cardiovascular events. In addition, a number of case reports and clinical studies suggested that use of the first generation oral contraceptives was also associated with an increased risk for gingival and\/or periodontal disease. Unfortunately, many of these early studies suffered from significant methodological flaws which throw their findings into question. Nonetheless, these studies provided the basis for a perception among the dental profession that oral contraceptives increase the risk for gingivitis and\/or periodontitis. Realisation that the adverse events profile of oral contraceptives was dose dependant led to the development of the modern low dose formulations that are in use today. There have been far fewer studies to investigate whether modern oral contraceptives have any impact on the periodontium compared to studies of the early contraceptive formulations, but the quality of the more recent research is undoubtedly better. Following extensive review of the relevant literature and consideration of the historical perspective, the best available evidence strongly supports that oral contraceptives no longer place users at any increased risk for gingivitis or periodontitis. Oral contraceptives should not be viewed as a risk factor for gingival or periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00399.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T04:03:29Z","timestamp":1355457809000},"page":"125-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Oral contraceptives and the periodontium"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Preshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb14309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(87)80013-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1999.4.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(97)00157-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5576.417-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91929-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2002.00024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Using the pill can affect the gingiva and periodontium","volume":"56","author":"Bonner S","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dent Stud"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"The effects of hormonal oral contraceptives on the female human periodontium and experimental animal models: a review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Brooks JK","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Baltimore Coll Dent Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2007.29.5.1117560"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7020.1589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91435-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90806-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60167-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)05012-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptives containing desogestrel or gestodene and the risk of venous thromboembolism","volume":"25","author":"Committee on Safety of Medicines","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Prob Pharmacovigilance"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(98)00018-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(77)90337-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and periodontal disease \u2013 I","volume":"43","author":"Das AK","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Indian Dental Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and periodontal disease \u2013 II. 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