{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:26:42Z","timestamp":1769513202219,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,27]],"date-time":"2006-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study evaluated the effect of smoking on the gene expression of interleukin\u20101\u03b1, \u20101ra, \u20106, \u20108 and \u201010, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)\u20102 and \u20108, receptor activator of NF\u2010\u03baB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin, in sites with periodontitis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Gingival biopsies were divided into three groups: the healthy group (periodontally healthy subjects; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200310); the periodontitis group [subjects with severe chronic periodontitis who never smoked (probing depth \u2265\u200a7\u2003mm) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200325)]; and the smoking group (subjects diagnosed with severe chronic periodontitis who smoked \u2265\u200a1 pack per day for at least 10\u2003years; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200325). Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Data analysis demonstrated that, except for MMP\u20108 and osteoprotegerin, the levels of all factors were increased by inflammation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). The levels of interleukin\u20101\u03b1, \u20101ra, \u20106 and \u20108, and RANKL, were higher in smokers with periodontitis compared with controls, whereas the levels of interleukin\u201010, MMP\u20108 and osteoprotegerin were lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). Smoking lowered the levels of interleukin\u20101\u03b1, \u20108, \u201010, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, MMP\u20108 and osteoprotegerin, and increased the levels of interleukin\u20106 and \u20101ra in sites with a comparable type of periodontitis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> In conclusion, smoking modulates gene expression in the periodontium, and the influence of smoking on periodontal disease may involve effects of interleukin\u20106:interleukin\u201010 and RANKL:osteoprotegerin ratios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2006.00934.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,27]],"date-time":"2006-11-27T10:04:08Z","timestamp":1164621848000},"page":"184-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Smoking modulates interleukin\u20106:interleukin\u201010 and RANKL:osteoprotegerin ratios in the periodontal tissues"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"J. 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