{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:40:53Z","timestamp":1774363253966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,29]],"date-time":"2008-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Smoking is associated with increased severity of periodontitis. The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to compare the monocyte\u2010derived T\u2003cell directing (Th1\/Th2) response and pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine production in <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> whole blood cell cultures (WBCC) of smoking and non\u2010smoking chronic periodontitis patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Venous blood was collected from 29\u2003periodontitis patients (18\u2003non\u2010smokers and 11\u2003smokers) receiving supportive periodontal treatment, and diluted 10\u2010fold for WBCC. The WBCC were stimulated for 18\u2003h with <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> lipo\u2010oligosaccharide (LOS) or<jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> sonic extract (Pg\u2010SE). The production of the T\u2003cell directing cytokines interleukin (IL)\u201012 p40 and IL\u201010, as well as the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106 and IL\u20108, was measured in the culture supernatants.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> After LOS stimulation of WBCC, smokers showed a lower IL\u201012 p40\/IL\u201010 ratio than non\u2010smokers (<jats:italic>P\u2003&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u20030.05). Interleukin\u20101\u03b2 production was significantly lower in smokers compared with non\u2010smokers after stimulation with either LOS or Pg\u2010SE (<jats:italic>P\u2003&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u20030.05). Interleukin\u20106 and IL\u20108 production was similar in WBCC from both smokers and non\u2010smokers, for both LOS and Pg\u2010SE.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> A more pronounced Th2 response in smoking periodontitis patients may be related to increased severity of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01047.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T06:15:45Z","timestamp":1231395345000},"page":"28-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Effects of smoking on the <i>ex vivo<\/i> cytokine production in periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"G. L.","family":"Torres de Heens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kikkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. 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