{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:59:02Z","timestamp":1793825942734,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]],"date-time":"2008-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Volatile sulfur compounds are the main cause of halitosis. Hydrogen sulfide is one of these volatile sulfur compounds and the principal malodorous compound in physiological halitosis. Periodontally pathogenic activities of hydrogen sulfide have been previously reported. Hydrogen sulfide induces apoptotic cell death in aorta smooth muscle cells and in other tissues. Apoptosis plays an important role in the onset and progress of periodontitis. The objective of this study was to determine whether hydrogen sulfide causes apoptosis in human gingival fibroblasts.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Necrotic cells were detected using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. Apoptosis was ascertained using a histone\u2010complexed DNA fragment assay and flow cytometry. The level of caspase 3, a key enzyme in apoptotic signaling, was also measured, and the effects of hydrogen sulfide on reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutase were assessed. DNA damage caused by hydrogen sulfide was examined by means of single\u2010cell gel electrophoresis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> After 72\u2003h of incubation with 100\u2003ng\/mL of hydrogen sulfide, necrosis was found in less than 10% of human gingival fibroblasts, whereas apoptosis was significantly increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). Superoxide dismutase activity was strongly inhibited, and reactive oxygen species production was enhanced, after 48 and 72\u2003h of incubation. Caspase 3 activity was also increased after 72\u2003h of incubation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01). Tail length, percentage of DNA in tail, and tail moment, measured by single\u2010cell gel electrophoresis, were also intensified after 72\u2003h of incubation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Hydrogen sulfide caused apoptosis and DNA damage in human gingival fibroblasts. An increased level of reactive oxygen species stimulated by hydrogen sulfide may induce apoptosis and DNA strand breaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01052.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,18]],"date-time":"2008-06-18T07:03:36Z","timestamp":1213772616000},"page":"391-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Oral malodorous compound causes apoptosis and genomic DNA damage in human gingival fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Yaegaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kamoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis; 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