{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:45:08Z","timestamp":1781909108053,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,7]],"date-time":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1223337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Cytokines represent a central role in inflammatory tissue destruction and regulate the immune responses that may govern the progression of periodontal diseases. This study investigated the effects of areca nut extracts on the expression of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin\u20101\u03b2, interleukin\u20106 and interleukin\u20108 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The role of oxidative stress of areca nut extracts was also examined using curcumin.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The expression of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with extracts of ripe areca nut or extracts of tender areca nut was analyzed using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Both extracts of ripe areca nut (\u2264\u200340\u2003\u03bcg\/mL) and extracts of tender areca nut significantly enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 and interleukin\u20101\u03b2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a dose\u2010dependent and time\u2010dependent manner. The kinetics of mRNA expression of both cytokines was also enhanced by areca nut extracts. The stimulatory effects of areca nut extracts on the secretion of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin\u20101\u03b2, interleukin\u20106 and interleukin\u20108 and on the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin\u20101\u03b2 and interleukin\u20106 at 4\u2003h of incubation were reduced by curcumin (20\u201350\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>). However, the level of interleukin\u20108 transcripts was not affected by curcumin. Moreover, interleukin\u20101\u03b2 induction by extracts of tender areca nut, but not by extracts of ripe areca nut, was weakened by 10\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> curcumin. The inhibitory effects of curcumin may vary with different cytokines and with different areca nut extract treatments.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The complex cytokine profile induced by areca nut extracts\u2010treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells implied the possibility of enhanced local inflammation and altered immune functions by the areca chewing habit. The inhibitory effects of curcumin on cytokine expression suggested that oxidative stress might be involved in areca nut extracts\u2010associated immune alteration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2008.01104.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,7]],"date-time":"2008-10-07T07:05:17Z","timestamp":1223363117000},"page":"175-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Areca nut extracts increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin\u20101\u03b2, interleukin\u20106 and interleukin\u20108, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"L\u2010Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u2010C.","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y\u2010L.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y\u2010F.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u2010Y.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y\u2010T.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u2010L.","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N4p31S","article-title":"Epidemiology of betel quid usage","volume":"33","author":"Gupta PC","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"Betel\u2010quid and areca\u2010nut chewing","volume":"37","author":"IARC","year":"1985","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(01)00003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.2001.160608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356709028749"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.8.1169"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00797.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.20010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2006.00173.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411980090030101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Kuby Immunology","author":"Goldsby RA","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"3620","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms for inflammation\u2010promoted pathogenesis of cancer. 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