{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:58:49Z","timestamp":1791028729099,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,7]],"date-time":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1223337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Orthodontic tooth movement requires remodeling of the periodontal tissues. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the extracellular matrix components of the periodontal ligament, while the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) control their activity. Synthetic MMP inhibitors have been developed to inhibit MMP activity. In this study, periodontal ligament cells in contracting collagen gels served as a model for enhanced periodontal remodeling. The effect of MMP inhibitors on gel contraction and on MMP and TIMP expression was analyzed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Human periodontal ligament cells were cultured in three\u2010dimensional collagen gels and incubated with the MMP inhibitors BB94, CMT\u20103, doxycycline and Ilomastat. Gel contraction was determined using consecutive photographs. The relative amounts of MMPs and TIMPs were analyzed using substrate zymography and mRNA expression using quantitative polyermase chain reaction.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> All MMP inhibitors reduced MMP activity to about 20% of the control activity. They all reduced contraction, but CMT\u20103 and doxycycline had the strongest effect. These inhibitors also reduced MMP\u20102, MMP\u20103 and \u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin mRNA expression. The expression of MMP\u20101 mRNA seemed to be increased by CMT\u20103. No effects were found on the amounts of MMPs and TIMPs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Synthetic MMP inhibitors strongly reduced gel contraction by periodontal ligament cells. This was primarily caused by an inhibitory effect on MMP activity, which reduces matrix remodeling. In addition, \u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin expression was reduced by CMT\u20103 and doxycycline, which limits the contractile activity of the fibroblasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2008.01127.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,7]],"date-time":"2008-10-07T07:23:18Z","timestamp":1223364198000},"page":"266-274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors reduce collagen gel contraction and \u03b1\u2010smooth muscle actin expression by periodontal ligament cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"M. M.","family":"Bildt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bloemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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