{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:50:30Z","timestamp":1778658630629,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,11]],"date-time":"2008-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. A high between\u2010subject variation in the level of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha mRNA has been verified, which may be a result of genetic polymorphisms and\/or the presence of periodontopathogens such as <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Treponema denticola<\/jats:italic> (called the red complex) and <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>. In this study, we investigated the effect of the tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (<jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>) \u2212308G\/A gene polymorphism and of periodontopathogens on the tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha levels in the periodontal tissues of nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis (<jats:italic>n\u2003<\/jats:italic>=\u2003127) and in control subjects (<jats:italic>n\u2003<\/jats:italic>=\u2003177).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The <jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>\u2212308G\/A single nucleotide polymorphism was investigated using polymerase chain reaction\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, whereas the tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha levels and the periodontopathogen load were determined using real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of the <jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>\u2212308 single nucleotide polymorphism in control and chronic periodontitis groups, in spite of the higher frequency of the A allele in the chronic periodontitis group. The concomitant analyses of genotypes and periodontopathogens demonstrated that <jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>\u2212308 GA\/AA genotypes and the red\u2010complex periodontopathogens were independently associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha in periodontal tissues, and no additive effect was seen when both factors were present. <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T.\u2003forsythia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T.\u2003denticola<\/jats:italic> counts were positively correlated with the level of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha. <jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>\u2212308 genotypes were not associated with the periodontopathogen detection odds or with the bacterial load.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Our results demonstrate that the <jats:italic>TNFA<\/jats:italic>\u2212308 A allele and red\u2010complex periodontopathogens are independently associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha in diseased tissues of nonsmoking chronic periodontitis patients and consequently are potentially involved in determining the disease outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2008.01166.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,12]],"date-time":"2008-12-12T02:01:58Z","timestamp":1229047318000},"page":"598-608","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha \u2212308G\/A single nucleotide polymorphism and red\u2010complex periodontopathogens are independently associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 in diseased periodontal tissues"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"A. 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