{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:26:54Z","timestamp":1790843214630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,18]],"date-time":"2009-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Cigarette smoke condensate, the particulate matter of cigarette smoke, is composed of thousands of chemicals, including nicotine. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease. This study investigated the influence of cigarette smoke condensate on the collagen\u2010degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts and its mechanism.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Human gingival fibroblasts were exposed for 72\u2003h to various concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were evaluated using water\u2010soluble tetrazolium\u20101 and lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. The collagen\u2010degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts was evaluated in collagen\u2010coated six\u2010well plates. Conditioned media and membrane extracts were collected for zymography and western blot analyses of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Cell proliferation decreased and cytotoxicity increased in human gingival fibroblasts with increasing concentrations of cigarette smoke condensate. Cell proliferation decreased by more than 50% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) when the concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate were above 200\u2003\u03bcg\/mL, and cytotoxicity increased to more than 30% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) when the concentrations of total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate were above 400\u2003\u03bcg\/mL. Cigarette smoke condensate increased the collagen\u2010degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts, especially at a concentration of 100\u2003\u03bcg\/mL (1.5\u2010fold increase, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) compared with the control. Cigarette smoke condensate increased the production of proMMP\u20101, proMMP\u20102, MMP\u201014 and TIMP\u20101, and decreased the production of TIMP\u20102, in conditioned media. Furthermore, compared with the control group, cigarette smoke condensate increased the production of MMP\u20102, MMP\u201014 and TIMP\u20102 in membrane extracts, especially at concentrations of 50\u2013100\u2003\u03bcg\/mL.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Cigarette smoke condensate affects human gingival fibroblast proliferation and is toxic at total particulate matter cigarette smoke condensate concentrations of \u2265\u2003400\u2003\u03bcg\/mL. Cigarette smoke condensate can increase the collagen\u2010degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts by altering the production and localization of MMPs and TIMPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2008.01179.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,18]],"date-time":"2009-05-18T16:12:01Z","timestamp":1242663121000},"page":"704-713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cigarette smoke condensate affects the collagen\u2010degrading ability of human gingival fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"W.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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