{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:23:21Z","timestamp":1785799401972,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]],"date-time":"2011-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Niver EL, Leong N, Greene J, Curtis D, Ryder MI, Ho SP. Reduced functional loads alter the physical characteristics of the bone\u2013periodontal ligament\u2013cementum complex. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 730\u2013741. \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons A\/S<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Adaptive properties of the bone\u2013periodontal ligament\u2013tooth complex have been identified by changing the magnitude of functional loads using small\u2010scale animal models, such as rodents. Reported adaptive responses as a result of lower loads due to softer diet include decreased muscle development, change in structure\u2013function relationship of the cranium, narrowed periodontal ligament space, and changes in the mineral level of the cortical bone and alveolar jaw bone and in the glycosaminoglycans of the alveolar bone. However, the adaptive role of the dynamic bone\u2013periodontal ligament\u2013cementum complex to prolonged reduced loads has not been fully explained to date, especially with regard to concurrent adaptations of bone, periodontal ligament and cementum. Therefore, in the present study, using a rat model, the temporal effect of reduced functional loads on physical characteristics, such as morphology and mechanical properties and the mineral profiles of the bone\u2013periodontal ligament\u2013cementum complex was investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Two groups of 6\u2010wk\u2010old male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were fed nutritionally identical food with a stiffness range of 127\u2013158\u2003N\/mm for hard pellet or 0.3\u20130.5\u2003N\/mm for soft powder forms. Spatio\u2010temporal adaptation of the bone\u2013periodontal ligament\u2013cementum complex was identified by mapping changes in the following: (i)\u2003periodontal ligament collagen orientation and birefringence using polarized light microscopy, bone and cementum adaptation using histochemistry, and bone and cementum morphology using micro\u2010X\u2010ray computed tomography; (ii)\u2003mineral profiles of the periodontal ligament\u2013cementum and periodontal ligament\u2013bone interfaces by X\u2010ray attenuation; and (iii)\u2003 microhardness of bone and cementum by microindentation of specimens at ages 6, 8, 12 and 15\u2003wk.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Reduced functional loads over prolonged time resulted in the following adaptations: (i)\u2003altered periodontal ligament orientation and decreased periodontal ligament collagen birefringence, indicating decreased periodontal ligament turnover rate and decreased apical cementum resorption; (ii)\u2003a gradual increase in X\u2010ray attenuation, owing to mineral differences, at the periodontal ligament\u2013bone and periodontal ligament\u2013cementum interfaces, without significant differences in the gradients for either group; (iii)\u2003significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) lower microhardness of alveolar bone (0.93\u2003\u00b1\u20030.16\u2003GPa) and secondary cementum (0.803\u2003\u00b1\u20030.13\u2003GPa) compared with the higher load group insert bone = (1.10\u2003\u00b1\u20030.17 and cementum = 0.940\u2003\u00b1\u20030.15\u2003GPa, respectively) at 15\u2003wk, indicating a temporal effect of loads on the local mineralization of bone and cementum.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Based on the results from this study, the effect of reduced functional loads for a prolonged time could differentially affect morphology, mechanical properties and mineral variations of the local load\u2010bearing sites in the bone\u2013periodontal ligament\u2013cementum complex. These observed local changes in turn could help to explain the overall biomechanical function and adaptations of the tooth\u2013bone joint. From a clinical translation perspective, our study provides an insight into modulation of load on the complex for improved tooth function during periodontal disease and\/or orthodontic and prosthodontic treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2011.01396.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,18]],"date-time":"2011-08-18T04:18:48Z","timestamp":1313641128000},"page":"730-741","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Reduced functional loads alter the physical characteristics of the bone\u2013periodontal ligament\u2013cementum complex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"E. 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