{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T20:15:49Z","timestamp":1784232949621,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]],"date-time":"2012-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1342656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Periodontal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Antimicrobial agents provide valuable adjunctive therapy for the prevention and the control of oral diseases. Limitations in their prolonged use have stimulated the search for new, naturally occurring agents with more specific activity and fewer adverse effects. Here we sought to determine the antibacterial properties of blackberry extract (BBE) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> against oral bacterial commensals and periodontopathogens.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The effects of whole and fractionated BBE on the metabolism of 10 different oral bacteria were evaluated using the colorimetric water\u2010soluble tetrazolium\u20101 assay. The bactericidal effects of whole BBE against <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic> were determined by quantitating the numbers of colony\u2010forming units (CFUs). Cytotoxicity was determined in oral epithelial (OKF6) cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> BBE at 350\u20131400\u2003\u03bcg\/mL reduced the metabolic activity of <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis, F. nucleatum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>. The reduced metabolic activity observed for <jats:italic>F.\u00a0nucleatum<\/jats:italic> corresponded to a reduction in the numbers of CFUs following exposure to BBE for as little as 1\u2003h, indicative of its bactericidal properties. An anthocyanin\u2010enriched fraction of BBE reduced the metabolic activity of <jats:italic>F.\u00a0nucleatum<\/jats:italic>, but not of <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>S.\u00a0mutans<\/jats:italic>, suggesting the contribution of species\u2010specific agents in the whole BBE. Oral epithelial cell viability was not reduced following\u2003 exposure to whole BBE (2.24\u20131400\u2003\u03bcg\/mL) for \u2264\u20036\u2003h.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> BBE alters the metabolic activity of oral periodontopathogens while demonstrating a minimal effect on commensals. The specific antibacterial properties of BBE shown in this study, along with its previously demonstrated anti\u2010inflammatory and antiviral properties, make this natural extract a promising target as an adjunct for prevention and\/or complementary therapy of periodontal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01506.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,20]],"date-time":"2012-07-20T21:38:33Z","timestamp":1342820313000},"page":"80-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Antibacterial effects of blackberry extract target periodontopathogens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"O. A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Escamilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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