{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:28:56Z","timestamp":1792009736791,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]],"date-time":"2012-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photoderm Photoimm Photomed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sunscreens are an important component of healthy sun\u2010protection behavior. To achieve satisfactory protection, sunscreens must be applied consistently, evenly and correctly. Consumers do not apply sunscreen properly and, therefore, do not achieve the protection indicated by the label \u2018sun protection factor\u2019 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content>). The objective of the present study was to determine the actual sun(burn) protection given by a range of sunscreen application thickness levels for both low and high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> formulas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty study subjects were recruited from each of three geographical regions in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hina. Sunscreens with label <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPFs<\/jats:styled-content> of 4, 15, 30, and 55 were tested at application levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0\u2009mg\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in three laboratories using a standard <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sunscreens with lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPFs<\/jats:styled-content> (4 and 15) showed a linear dose\u2013response relationship with application level, but higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> (30 and 55) product protection was exponentially related to application thickness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sunscreen protection is not related in one uniform way to the amount of product applied to human skin. Consumers may achieve an even lower than expected sunburn protection from high <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> products than from low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content> sunscreens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2012.00650.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]],"date-time":"2012-05-02T05:49:12Z","timestamp":1335937752000},"page":"120-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Sunburn protection as a function of sunscreen application thickness differs between high and low <scp>SPFs<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology The Air Force General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Shanghai Skin Diseases &amp; STD Hospital  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology The Air Force General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Shanghai Skin Diseases &amp; STD Hospital  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaojian","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinling","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary S.","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Estee Lauder Companies  Melville NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.07.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"COLIPA CTFA SA JCIA and CTFA.International Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Test Method May2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Sunbathers\u2019 application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation","volume":"9","author":"Bech\u2010Thomsen N","year":"1993","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1997.tb00215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.02658.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.15.1304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700509"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02299.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2009.00408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2006.00225.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2007.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb08238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb16135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1986.tb04700.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.1997.tb00227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1946.146.1.118","article-title":"Evaluation of protective measures against sunburn","volume":"146","author":"Blum H","year":"1945","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"288","volume-title":"Hygienic standard for cosmetics in China","author":"Liu W","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.06.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1993.tb01331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-5725fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b9pp00178f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3497047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.07.025"}],"container-title":["Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &amp; 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