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The SCN and the output of the pineal gland, i.e. melatonin, are synchronized to the 24\u2010hr day by environmental light, received by the retina and transmitted to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract. Melatonin not only plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, but also acts as antioxidant and neuroprotector that may be of importance in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Circadian disorders, such as sleep\u2013wake cycle disturbances, are associated with aging, and even more pronounced in AD. Many studies have reported disrupted melatonin production and rhythms in aging and in AD that, as we showed, are taking place as early as in the very first preclinical AD stages (neuropathological Braak stage I\u2013II). Degeneration of the retina\u2010SCN\u2010pineal axis may underlie these changes. Our recent studies indicate that a dysfunction of the sympathetic regulation of pineal melatonin synthesis by the SCN is responsible for melatonin changes during the early AD stages. Reactivation of the circadian system (retina\u2010SCN\u2010pineal pathway) by means of light therapy and melatonin supplementation, to restore the circadian rhythm and to relieve the clinical circadian disturbances, has shown promising positive results.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.2004.00196.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,22]],"date-time":"2005-02-22T14:40:26Z","timestamp":1109083226000},"page":"145-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":301,"title":["The human pineal gland and melatonin in aging and Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ying\u2010Hui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick 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