{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:59:20Z","timestamp":1791475160870,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]],"date-time":"2007-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1187740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pineal Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    The nocturnal surge of melatonin is the endocrine expression of the circadian system and is essential for organizing the timing of various endogenous processes. Previous works suggest that, in the beginning of a defense response, the increase in circulating tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) leads to a transient block of nocturnal melatonin production and promotes a disruption of internal time organization. In the present paper, the concentration of melatonin and cytokines [TNF\u2010\u03b1, interferon\u2010\u03b3 (IFN\u2010\u03b3), interleukin (IL)\u20102, IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u201010, IL\u201012] in the colostrum (postdelivery day 3) and in the milk (postdelivery days 10, 15, 20 and 30) obtained at midday and midnight from mothers who gave birth by vaginal or cesarean section were compared. The nocturnal melatonin surge observed 3\u2003days after vaginal delivery was absent after cesarean section. IL\u201012 presented no daily variation in either case, while daily variations in IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u201010, IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 were observed after vaginal delivery and cesarean section. On the other hand, the increase in TNF\u2010\u03b1 after cesarean section resulted in suppression of the nocturnal melatonin surge. Daily variation of IL\u20102 was only observed after recovery of the nocturnal melatonin surge, 30\u2003days after cesarean section. The present paper supports the hypothesis of a cross\u2010talk between the pineal gland and the immune system, which could represent a putative immune\u2013pineal axis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.2007.00487.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,22]],"date-time":"2007-08-22T07:06:24Z","timestamp":1187766384000},"page":"365-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Pineal melatonin and the innate immune response: the TNF\u2010\u03b1 increase after cesarean section suppresses nocturnal melatonin production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Gerl\u00e2ndia N.","family":"Pontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine C.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda M. 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