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Daylength is encoded as the duration of production of the pineal hormone melatonin, but how the melatonin signal is decoded has been elusive. From the studies carried out in birds and mammals together with the advent of technologies such as microarray analysis of gene expression, progress has been achieved to demystify how seasonal physiology is regulated in response to the duration of melatonin signalling. The critical tissue for the action of melatonin is the pars tuberalis (PT) where melatonin receptors are located. At the molecular level, regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling in this tissue is likely to be a key event for melatonin action, either an acute inhibitory action or sensitization of this pathway by prolonged stimulation of melatonin receptors reflecting durational melatonin presence. Melatonin action at the PT has been shown to have both positive and negative effects on gene transcription, incorporating components of the circadian clock as part of the mechanism of decoding the melatonin signal and regulating thyrotrophin\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH) expression, a key output hormone of the PT. Microarray analysis of gene expression of PT tissue exposed to long and short photoperiods has identified important new genes that may be regulated by melatonin and contributing to the seasonal regulation of TSH production by this tissue. In the brain, tanycytes lining the third ventricle of the hypothalamus and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis by PT\u2010derived TSH in these cells are now established as an important component of the pathway leading to seasonal changes in physiology. Beyond the tanycyte, identified changes in gene expression for neuropeptides, receptors and other signalling molecules pinpoint some of the areas of the brain, the hypothalamus in particular, that are likely to be involved in the regulation of seasonal physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.2011.00963.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,5]],"date-time":"2011-09-05T17:29:46Z","timestamp":1315243786000},"page":"376-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Molecular pathways involved in seasonal body weight and reproductive responses governed by melatonin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Perry","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matei","family":"Bolborea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3677.1609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-92-2-423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-113-4-1261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Neural control of pineal function in mammals and birds","volume":"13","author":"Moore RY","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neural Trans, Supp"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(94)90100-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-5-2607"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.003R005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.99-0842com"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.143.6.2366"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.00988.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.132.1.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.139.7.3064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.02.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02083"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn806"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.06.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(03)00134-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.12.0390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.138.1.397"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9938"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00174.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.212517599"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318643"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"TSH expression in murine hypophyseal pars tuberalis\u2010specific cells","volume":"160","author":"B\u00f6ckers TM","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.138.10.4101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808952105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1998.00234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.281.1.R76"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.136.1.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"Ependymal secretion, especially in the hypothalamic region","volume":"31","author":"Knowles F","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Neuro-visc Relat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","first-page":"407","article-title":"Morphological aspects of the hypothalamic hypophyseal system. 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