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Eight well\u2010trained male cross\u2010country skiers performed three submaximal 5\u2010min speeds (10, 13, and 16\u2009km\/h) and a time\u2010to\u2010exhaustion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTE<\/jats:styled-content>) performance (at 20\u2009km\/h) using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>3 skating technique using freely chosen, high, and low frequency at all four speeds. All tests were done using roller skis on a large treadmill at 5% incline. Gross efficiency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GE<\/jats:styled-content>) was calculated as power divided by metabolic rate. Power was calculated as the sum of power against frictional forces and power against gravity. Metabolic rate was calculated from oxygen consumption and blood lactate concentration. Freely chosen frequency increased from 60 to 70 strokes\/min as speed increased from 10 to 20\u2009km\/h. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GE<\/jats:styled-content> increased with power. At high power (20\u2009km\/h performance test), both efficiency and performance were significantly reduced by high frequency. In regard to choice of frequency during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>3 roller ski skating, cross\u2010country skiers seems to be self\u2010optimized both in relation to energy saving (efficiency) and performance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTE<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2011.01379.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,13]],"date-time":"2011-09-13T07:10:24Z","timestamp":1315897824000},"page":"295-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of frequency on gross efficiency and performance in roller ski skating"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Leirdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Movement Science Programme Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim 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