{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1790676504848,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]],"date-time":"2012-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Elite athletes often find themselves in a dilemma between maintaining optimal health to be successful and accepting health risks by pushing their physical limits. For elite adolescent athletes, this dilemma becomes a trilemma as they are also confronted with developmental challenges typical for adolescence. As many adolescents encounter different substances during this critical period of development, we analyzed prevalence of substance use to identify determinants related to these behaviors and to compare the prevalences with nonelite athletes. Our main data were drawn from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>erman <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Y<\/jats:styled-content>oung <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>lympic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>thletes\u2019 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>ifestyle and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ealth <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>anagement Study (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GOAL Study<\/jats:styled-content>) including 1138 elite adolescent athletes (14\u201318 years). For comparisons, the data were combined with data from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>erman <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ealth <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>nterview and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>xamination <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>urvey for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hildren and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>dolescents (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KiGGS<\/jats:styled-content>). Beside uni\u2010 and bivariate analyses, we conducted (conditional) logistic regression analyses. Eighty\u2010six percent had consumed alcohol at least once. Binge drinking was performed by 24% during the last month. Alcohol consumption was positively associated with age, education, technical sports, lower squads, and attending boarding schools. Binge drinking was higher in males, older adolescents, and in technical sports. Smoking (3%) and marijuana use (3%) were less prevalent. Compared with nonelite athletes, they showed less risky behavior except for binge drinking. As we could identify risk groups, prevention and health promotion programs could be developed for this specific target group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01472.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]],"date-time":"2012-05-09T09:07:20Z","timestamp":1336554440000},"page":"250-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Substance use among elite adolescent athletes: Findings from the <scp>GOAL S<\/scp>tudy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Diehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mannheim Institute of Public Health Social and Preventive Medicine Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science T\u00fcbingen University  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zipfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University Hospital T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science T\u00fcbingen University  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mannheim Institute of Public Health Social and Preventive Medicine Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872679905200401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"On adolescence","author":"Blos P","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"The adolescent passage","author":"Blos P","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods in epidemiology","author":"Clayton D","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"599","article-title":"Prevalence of smoking among Israeli male athletes","volume":"31","author":"Dlin R","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.5.949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Der Alkoholkonsum Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener in Deutschland 2010","author":"Federal Centre for Health Education","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.55.6.367-373"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1992.53.447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.02.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.22.2.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"727","article-title":"Tobacco use among high school athletes and nonathletes: results of the 1997 youth risk behavior survey","volume":"36","author":"Melnick MJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7054.394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.21.1.1","article-title":"Attitudes toward doping and recreational drug use among French elite student\u2010athletes","volume":"21","author":"Peretti\u2010Watel P","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sociol Sport J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00490.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690204043467"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-92364-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2004.007781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Binge drinking in childhood and adolescence: epidemiology, consequences, and interventions","volume":"106","author":"Stolle M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00379.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","volume-title":"Standard definitions. 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