{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:39:53Z","timestamp":1790919593605,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,19]],"date-time":"2007-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1174262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background\/purpose: <\/jats:bold> A sulfur mustard (SM)\u2010induced cutaneous injury model was developed in weanling swine to evaluate the efficacy of candidate treatment regimens. Lesions were assessed clinically and histopathologically. Histopathologic evaluation of lesions was a subjective and invasive assessment. Biomechanical engineering methods offer an objective and less invasive method to evaluate lesions. The purpose of this study was to use biomechanical engineering instruments to assess SM\u2010induced lesions for depth of injury and to correlate those assessments with histopathology.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods: <\/jats:bold> Two groups of six animals each were exposed to 400\u2003\u03bcL undiluted SM applied at each of six abdominal sites for either 2 or 30\u2003min. An additional seven animals received a sham treatment (control; 400\u2003\u03bcL deionized water applied to each of six sites for 30\u2003min). Each site was evaluated before exposure and 2 days after exposure. Biomechanical engineering techniques used to assess each lesion were reflectance colorimetry, evaporimetry [transepidermal water loss (TEWL)], laser Doppler perfusion imaging, and high\u2010frequency (20\u2003MHz) two\u2010dimensional ultrasound. Injury depth and lesion severity were assessed and correlated to biomechanical methods using special histopathologic staining techniques.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold> Two\u2010 and 30\u2010min cutaneous lesions were significantly different from controls at the 0.05 probability level for redness (chroma meter) and TEWL (evaporimeter), but were not significantly different from each other. The 2\u2010min lesions had a significant increase (2.11 AU, SE=0.06) and the 30\u2010min lesions had a decrease (0.96 AU, SE=0.04) from controls (1.31 AU, SE=0.03) in microcirculatory blood flux (laser Doppler). The 2\u2010min lesions and controls were significantly different at the 0.05 level from 30\u2010min lesions in skin thickness (ultrasound). The 2\u2010 and 30\u2010min groups were significantly different from controls and from each other at the 0.05 level in histopathologic assessment of injury depth, basal cell necrosis, depth of necrosis, and vascular necrosis, with the 30\u2010min injuries being most severe.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion: <\/jats:bold> There was mixed evidence that the bioengineering techniques tested could differentiate between controls, 2\u2010min (partial\u2010thickness) cutaneous injuries and 30\u2010min (full\u2010thickness) cutaneous injuries at day 2. Both biomechanical and histopathologic assessments are useful methods of characterizing SM lesions in the weanling pig model. Biomechanical methods are non\u2010invasive and quantitative, and multiple readings over shorter and longer periods of time may improve differentiation in depth of injury. Histopathologic assessments are important for confirmation of lesion depth and severity, and for assisting interpretation when a single assessment using bioengineering methods is used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00204.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,19]],"date-time":"2007-03-19T17:27:08Z","timestamp":1174325228000},"page":"217-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Biomechanical monitoring of cutaneous sulfur mustard\u2010induced lesions in the weanling pig model for depth of injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Niemuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn M.","family":"Shumaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack D.","family":"Waugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Treatment of chemical and biological warfare injuries","volume":"156","author":"Kadivar H","year":"1991","journal-title":"insights derived from the 1984 Iraqi attack on Majnoon Islan"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(94)90693-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70208-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"303","article-title":"Agents of chemical warfare","volume":"21","author":"Borak J","year":"1992","journal-title":"sulfur mustard"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(91)90202-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Medical defense against mustard gas: toxic mechanisms and pharmacological implications","author":"Papirmeister B","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550150603"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15376519209050860"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1263(200012)20:1 <::AID-JAT673>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Principles and practice of burns management","author":"Arturson G.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","volume-title":"Principles and practice of burns management","author":"Settle JAD.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"259","article-title":"In vivo assessment of vesicant skin injury using a Minolta chroma meter","volume":"41","author":"Braue EH","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Soc Cosmet Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","unstructured":"NilssonGE.On the measurement of evaporative water loss. Methods and Clinical Applications Thesis Link\u00f6ping University Medical Disserations No. 48 Link\u00f6ping Sweeden 1977."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Handbook of non\u2010lnvasive methods and the skin","author":"Pinnagoda J","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Handbook of non\u2010lnvasive methods and the skin","author":"Barel AO","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1996.tb00063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"399","volume-title":"Handbook of non\u2010lnvasive methods and the skin","author":"Bircher AJ.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Handbook of non\u2010lnvasive methods and the skin","author":"Belcaro G","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1996.tb00142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1997.tb00189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1996.tb00143.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Handbook of non\u2010lnvasive methods and the skin","author":"Wardell K","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02844318409057406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02844318409052850"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02844318409057405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(93)90004-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-198901000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199205000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","first-page":"287","article-title":"Looking at burn wounds","volume":"18","author":"Shakespeare PG.","year":"1992","journal-title":"the A.B. Wallace memorial lecture 1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(89)90694-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.594376"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.382037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90583-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","first-page":"S64","article-title":"Can ultrasound assist an experienced surgeon in estimating burn depth?","volume":"24","author":"Cantrell JH.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(86)90040-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198608000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(89)90071-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.1996.tb00051.x"}],"container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0846.2007.00204.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00204.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T06:58:35Z","timestamp":1697007515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00204.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,19]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00204.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00204.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0909-752X","1600-0846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0909-752X","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,19]]}}}