{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:34:26Z","timestamp":1790037266679,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]],"date-time":"2012-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Skin Research and Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few attempts have been made to distinguish the softness of different skin layers, though specific measurement of the superficial layer would be useful for evaluating the emollient effect of cosmetics and for diagnosis of skin diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a sensor probe consisting of a piezoelectric tactile sensor and a load cell. To evaluate it, we firstly measured silicone rubber samples with different softness. Then, it was applied to human forearm skin before and after tape\u2010stripping. A VapoMeter and skin\u2010surface hygrometer were used to confirm removal of the stratum corneum. A Cutometer was used to obtain conventional softness data for comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both the piezoelectric tactile sensor and the load cell could measure the softness of silicone rubber samples, but the piezoelectric tactile sensor was more sensitive than the load cell when the reaction force of the measured sample was under 100 mN in response to a 2\u2010mm indentation. For human skin\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , transepidermal water loss and skin conductance were significantly changed after tape\u2010stripping, confirming removal of the stratum corneum. The piezoelectric tactile sensor detected a significant change after tape\u2010stripping, whereas the load cell did not. Thus, the piezoelectric tactile sensor can detect changes of mechanical properties at the skin surface. The load cell data were in agreement with Cutometer measurements, which showed no change in representative skin elasticity parameters after tape\u2010stripping. These results indicate that our sensor can simultaneously measure the mechanical properties of the superficial skin layer and whole skin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2012.00648.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]],"date-time":"2012-06-07T05:37:32Z","timestamp":1339047452000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Softness sensor system for simultaneously measuring the mechanical properties of superficial skin layer and whole skin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Masashi","family":"Nakatani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiseido Research Center Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nihon University Koriyama Fukushima 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