{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:02:31Z","timestamp":1785762151826,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,31]],"date-time":"2005-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase (IDO) expression in fetal trophoblast and decidual antigen\u2010presenting cells has been proposed to inactivate maternal T cells and thereby prevent rejection of the \u2018fetal allograft\u2019 in early pregnancy. Psychic stress has been proposed to cause miscarriages as well as infertility, at the same time in pregnancy when blockade of IDO causes loss, but the suggested mechanism of stress\u2010triggered loss has been an increased ratio of pro\u2010rejection Th1\u2010type cytokines to anti\u2010rejection Th2\/3 cytokines. Could stress act by reducing IDO expression?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using DBA\/2\u2010mated A\/J mice where stress causes early pregnancy failure, we examined the role of stress in reducing IDO versus increasing Th1\/Th2 ratio in deciduas. IDO loss was also examined in human decidua associated with pregnancy failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A post\u2010implantation sonic stress increased the pregnancy failure rate, increased the Th1\/Th2 ratio, but did not reduce IDO. IDO was reduced, and Th1\/Th2 ratios increased in A\/J mice pre\u2010immunized against paternal DBA\/2 antigens, and concomitant stress increased these effects. The rate of pregnancy failure was not further increased consistent with recent discoveries of factors that limit the impact of Th1 cytokines at the feto\u2010maternal interface. In deciduas from spontaneous miscarriage patients, IDO<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell frequencies were low in only 30% of patients. CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell numbers and percentage terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)\u2010mediated dUTP\u2010digoxigenin nick end\u2010labelling (TUNEL)<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> apoptotic T cells were increased, but the level of IDO did not correlate with likelihood of apoptosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Loss of an allogeneic embryo in early pregnancy is more likely to be due to a high Th1\/Th2 ratio than loss of putative protection by IDO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2005.00299.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,31]],"date-time":"2005-08-31T08:30:16Z","timestamp":1125477016000},"page":"203-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Reduced Uterine Indoleamine 2,3\u2010Dioxygenase Versus Increased Th1\/Th2 Cytokine Ratios as a Basis for Occult and Clinical Pregnancy Failure in Mice and 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