{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:50:57Z","timestamp":1783792257448,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,7]],"date-time":"2005-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and soluble TNF receptors (sTNF\u2010Rs) system related with Th1 and Th2 and activity of NF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B\/I<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B regulatory system. This study was designed to compare sTNF\u2010R1 and sTNF\u2010R2 production (shedding) and levels of late activated CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010lymphocytes in non\u2010pregnant (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200330) and pregnant (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200320) normal women and non\u2010pregnant (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200320) and pregnant (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200330) RSA women. Effects of progesterone (natural structure) injections in RSA women were studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of sTNF\u2010R1, sTNF\u2010R2, TNF in peripheral blood serum were detected by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Lymphocyte subsets were estimated by multicolor flow cytometry. NK cell cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in whole blood against K562 targets was determined using Europium\u2010release cytotoxicity assay. Mitogen\u2010induced proliferative response of PBL to PHA\u2010P, Con A and PWM were determined by standard <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010thymidine incorporation assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of soluble TNF\u2010R1 and TNF\u2010R2 in normal pregnancy were elevated when compared with non\u2010pregnant normal women and pregnant RSA women. Levels of late activated CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010lymphocytes in normal pregnancy were decreased but no changes were detected in RSA women. After progesterone therapy (i.m. injections of 2.5% oil solution) in RSA women elevation of sTNF\u2010R1 and sTNF\u2010R2 to normal pregnancy ranges was observed. No changes in levels of late activated CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010lymphocytes after progesterone treatment were detected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevation of levels of sTNF\u2010R1, sTNF\u2010R2 and decrease of late activated cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocytes are pronounce markers of normal human pregnancy. In RSA women there are no elevation of sTNF\u2010R1 and sTNF\u2010R2 levels during pregnancy. This deficiency may be restored by progesterone treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2005.00308.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,7]],"date-time":"2005-10-07T09:46:29Z","timestamp":1128678389000},"page":"284-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Lack of Soluble TNF\u2010receptors in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion and Possibility for its Correction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Victor P.","family":"Chernyshov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim A.","family":"Vodyanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana P.","family":"Pisareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90235-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4261","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.9.4261","article-title":"IL\u201010 prevents naturally occurring fetal loss in the CBA x DBA\/2 mating combination is corrected by in vivo injection of IFN\u2010tau","volume":"154","author":"Chaouat G","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(01)00119-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.9.4562","article-title":"Synthesis of T helper2 \u2010type cytokines at the feto\u2010maternal interface","volume":"151","author":"Lin H","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1999.1535"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.2.653","article-title":"T helper 1 response against Leishmania major in pregnant C57BL\/6 mice increases implantation failure and fetal resorptions. 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