{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T02:44:21Z","timestamp":1770432261921,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,26]],"date-time":"2006-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1148601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prematurity rate is higher in African\u2010Americans (AA) compared with Caucasians (C). As spontaneous preterm labor has been hypothesized to be a host inflammatory response disease racial differences in human placental membrane inflammatory cytokine and prostaglandin pathway gene expression patterns between AA and C were examined in this report.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Placental membranes (amniochorion) collected from AA and C women from cesareans at term were maintained in an organ explant system and stimulated with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Microarray analysis and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay was performed on mRNAs and culture media from AA\u2010 and C\u2010derived membranes to document any differences in mRNA expression and protein production of IL\u20101, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201010 and expression of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX\u20101), COX\u20102 and 15\u2010hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased mRNA expression of IL\u20101, IL\u20108 and COX\u20102 in AA and IL\u20106, IL\u201010, COX\u20101 and PGDH in C were documented after LPS stimulation. Concentration of IL\u20101 was significantly higher in media derived from AA whereas IL\u20106 and IL\u201010 concentrations were higher in C with no differences observed in IL\u20108 after LPS stimulation compared with respective unstimulated controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data document ethnic diversity in placental membrane immune response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00394.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,26]],"date-time":"2006-05-26T14:46:12Z","timestamp":1148654772000},"page":"112-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Differences in the Placental Membrane Cytokine Response: a Possible explanation for the Racial Disparity in Preterm Birth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Ramkumar","family":"Menon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Merialdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore J.","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. 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