{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:39:51Z","timestamp":1774485591030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,7]],"date-time":"2007-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intra\u2010amniotic infection is the most common cause of preterm labor. Infections are thought to cause preterm labor by increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines at the maternal\u2013fetal interface. Experiments with cell culture and animal models have indicated that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines in reproductive tissues. The majority of intrauterine infections, however, are associated with <jats:italic>Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/jats:italic>, which does not contain LPS. Therefore, we performed a series of experiments to understand better the bacterial factor(s) that are responsible for the proinflammatory effects of <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic> was cultivated in 3\u20134\u2003L 10B broth, harvested by centrifugation, washed with saline and frozen at \u221285\u00b0C until use. Cells were then extracted with Triton X\u2010114 and the macrophage\u2010stimulating activity (MSA) of the preparations was studied by evaluating their ability to stimulate tumor necrosis factor\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> production by a monocytic cell line (THP\u20101 cells). Additional studies involved testing the sensitivity of the detergent extracts to heating, alkaline hydrolysis and proteinase K digestion. Interaction of Triton X\u2010114 extracts with Toll\u2010like receptor (TLR)\u20102 and TLR\u20104 was evaluated using cell lines transfected with one of these receptors, CD14 and a reporter gene.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extraction of <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic> with Triton X\u2010114 demonstrated that the MSA preferentially partitioned to the detergent phase. The MSA of the detergent extracts was abrogated by proteinase K digestion or alkaline hydrolysis but only partially inhibited by heating. Further studies suggested that the detergent extracts could activate both TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These experiments suggest that the MSA of <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic> is lipophillic, sensitive to alkaline hydrolysis and proteinase K digestion, partially sensitive to heating. These properties are consistent with the activity being due to a lipoprotein. Unlike other <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> species, the MSA of <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic> appears to interact with both TLR\u20102 and TLR\u20104. Purification of the molecule(s) that regulate this activity may provide good therapeutic targets for anti\u2010inflammatory strategies to prevent preterm labor caused by intrauterine infection with <jats:italic>U. urealyticum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00460.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,7]],"date-time":"2007-02-07T15:48:45Z","timestamp":1170863325000},"page":"186-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Characterization of the Macrophage\u2010Stimulating Activity from <i>Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Morgan R.","family":"Peltier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela. 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