{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T06:52:56Z","timestamp":1759042376366},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,10]],"date-time":"2008-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1202601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considering the deleterious role of T helper1 (Th1) cells in pregnancy outcome, a successful treatment for recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) should be able to make a significant shift away from Th1 responses. Although paternal leukocyte immunization has been used for treatment of RSA for years, because of methodological differences there is no consensus on the mechanism of action and effectiveness of this method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method of study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010five Iranian non\u2010pregnant women with RSA and 16 non\u2010pregnant control women with at least two successful pregnancies were included in this study. All cases were followed up after leukocyte therapy for pregnancy outcome. Mononuclear cells from women were co\u2010cultured with the husband\u2019s mononuclear cells before and after immunotherapy. The levels of tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1) and interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3) were checked on culture supernatant by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean concentration of TNF\u2010\u03b1 was significantly higher in patients compared with that in normal controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0001). After immunotherapy, the TNF\u2010\u03b1 level was only significantly decreased in women with successful outcome (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0001). Immunotherapy also induced a significant reduction in the IFN\u2010\u03b3 level (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.009).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this investigation confirm the role of TNF\u2010\u03b1 in RSA and propose the assessment of TNF\u2010\u03b1 production as a valuable prognostic parameter for the prediction of abortion after leukocyte therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2007.00569.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,11]],"date-time":"2008-02-11T06:25:15Z","timestamp":1202711115000},"page":"242-250","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Effect of Leukocyte Therapy on Tumor Necrosis Factor\u2010Alpha and Interferon\u2010Gamma Production in Patients with Recurrent Spontaneous 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