{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:12:07Z","timestamp":1791321127633,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,7]],"date-time":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Problem\u00a0<\/jats:bold> Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)\u2010G is a class Ib gene located in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Several lines of investigation indicate that the HLA\u2010G molecule is involved in the maternal acceptance of the semi\u2010allogenic fetus during pregnancy and in the development of tolerance. Expression of soluble HLA\u2010G (sHLA\u2010G) is positively correlated with successful <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fertilization (IVF) treatments, and aberrant expression of HLA\u2010G in certain complications of pregnancy, such as pre\u2010eclampsia and spontaneous abortion, has been reported. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of different soluble HLA\u2010G isoforms in maternal plasma in early and late pregnancy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method of study\u00a0<\/jats:bold> Soluble HLA\u2010G (sHLA\u2010G) can be detected in maternal blood, and in this study, two different isoforms of sHLA\u2010G, namely sHLA\u2010G1 generated by shedding of membrane\u2010bound HLA\u2010G1 and HLA\u2010G generated by specific HLA\u2010G transcripts, have been investigated early [median of 16.4\u2003weeks of gestation (GW)] and late (median: 38.9\u2003GW) in pregnancy in an original cohort of 580 pregnant Caucasian women.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u00a0<\/jats:bold> Lower concentrations of sHLA\u2010G1 were found late in pregnancy (&gt;32\u2003GW) in a group of women with severe pre\u2010eclampsia compared with controls with uncomplicated pregnancies (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.029, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.09; Mann\u2013Whitney; Logistic regression analysis: <jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.024, OR<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.920, 95% CI: 0.855\u20130.989). However, this was not the case with HLA\u2010G5, and significantly more of the cases with severe pre\u2010eclampsia had detectable plasma HLA\u2010G5 compared with that of the control group (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.013, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.04; Mann\u2013Whitney). Similar findings were not observed in women with gestational hypertension or existing hypertension continuing into pregnancy. Furthermore, there was a trend toward lower maternal plasma sHLA\u2010G1 in a group of women with premature birth (&lt;37\u2003GW) compared with that of the control group (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.028, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.17; Mann\u2013Whitney). On the contrary, HLA\u2010G5 was lower in the control group compared with that in the premature group (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.004, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.02; Mann\u2013Whitney).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u00a0<\/jats:bold> This study shows in line with other published studies that a high, detectable soluble HLA\u2010G concentration in maternal plasma or serum is not mandatory for a successful pregnancy. However, complications during pregnancy, such as (severe) pre\u2010eclampsia, spontaneous abortion, IUGR, and premature birth, are associated with a low or undetectable level of soluble HLA\u2010G in the maternal blood circulation. Also, this study indicates that sHLA\u2010G1 is the interesting soluble HLA\u2010G isoform in pre\u2010eclampsia, and that low or undetectable levels of HLA\u2010G5 at the end of pregnancy seem to be associated with an uncomplicated normal pregnancy, whereas in severe pre\u2010eclampsia and possibly other pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth and IUGR, the level of HLA\u2010G5 is higher.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00742.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,7]],"date-time":"2009-10-07T06:24:46Z","timestamp":1254896686000},"page":"320-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Soluble Human Leukocyte Antigen\u2010G Isoforms in Maternal Plasma in Early and Late Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Roberta","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita 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