{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:43:57Z","timestamp":1790919837337,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]],"date-time":"2012-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Rep Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"Problem<\/jats:title>We aim to investigate NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell cytolytic activities and its relationship to other lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods of Study<\/jats:title>Women with a history of RPL<\/jats:styled-content> (n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a048) comprised RPL<\/jats:styled-content> group, and 15 fertile women served as controls. Lymphocyte subsets such as T<\/jats:styled-content> (CD<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup>), T<\/jats:styled-content> helper (CD<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup>\/4+<\/jats:sup>), cytotoxic T<\/jats:styled-content> (CD<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup>\/8+<\/jats:sup>), NK<\/jats:styled-content> (CD<\/jats:styled-content>3\u2212<\/jats:sup>\/56+<\/jats:sup>), and peripheral blood NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell cytolytic activities at three different effector to target cell ratios (E<\/jats:styled-content>\/T<\/jats:styled-content> ratio, 50:1, 25:1 and 12.5:1) are measured by flow cytometric analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Peripheral blood NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell levels are significantly increased in women with RPL<\/jats:styled-content> as compared to controls (\nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001). NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell cytolytic activities in RPL<\/jats:styled-content> group are significantly increased as compared to those of controls at E<\/jats:styled-content>\/T<\/jats:styled-content> ratio of 50:1 (42.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016.3 versus 29.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.8, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009), 25:1 (31.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015.0 versus 19.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.1, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004), and 12.5:1 (20.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.9 versus 12.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.5, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011). In RPL<\/jats:styled-content> group, peripheral blood NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell levels (%) showed a significant positive correlation with NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell cytolytic activities at E<\/jats:styled-content>\/T<\/jats:styled-content> ratio of 50:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.522, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a00.001), 25:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.588, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.001), and 12.5:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.604, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.001). In controls, CD<\/jats:styled-content>3+<\/jats:sup>\/8+<\/jats:sup> cells (%) show a negative correlation with NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell cytolytic activities at E<\/jats:styled-content>\/T<\/jats:styled-content> ratio of 50:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.566, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.028), 25:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.60., \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.017), and 12.5:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.602, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.018). Ratios of T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010helper cell to T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cytotoxic cell are positively correlated with NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell cytolytic activities at E<\/jats:styled-content>\/T<\/jats:styled-content> ratio of 50:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.601, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.018), 25:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.632, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.012), and 12.5:1 (r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.637, \nP<\/jats:styled-content>\n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\nNK<\/jats:styled-content> cell\u2010mediated immunopathology plays a role in RPL<\/jats:styled-content>. Women with RPL<\/jats:styled-content> have a disrupted immune regulation between cytotoxic T<\/jats:styled-content> and NK<\/jats:styled-content> cells. Failure of immune modulation by CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup> T<\/jats:styled-content> cells may exert NK<\/jats:styled-content> cell activation and reproductive failures in women with RPL<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2012.01133.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T03:19:40Z","timestamp":1335496780000},"page":"38-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Peripheral Blood NK<\/scp> Cell Cytotoxicities are Negatively Correlated with CD<\/scp>8+<\/sup> T Cells in Fertile Women but not in Women with a History of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ji Hee","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center Kwandong University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Kwak\u2010Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ae\u2010Ra","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunkyong","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal\u2010Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center Kwandong University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun\u2010Hwa","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center Kwandong University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Kyung","family":"Koong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center Kwandong University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Soo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center Kwandong University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Moon","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center Kwandong University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.2.653","article-title":"T helper 1 response against Leishmania major in pregnant C57BL\/6 mice increases implantation failure and fetal resorptions. 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