{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T05:59:14Z","timestamp":1778133554404,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,5]],"date-time":"2004-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The correct choice of antimicrobial agents as inter\u2010appointment medicaments is as important as the instrumentation and irrigation to remove pathogens from infected root canals. Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>] and framycetin sulfate (Septomixine) are common endodontic medicaments. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of either calcium hydroxide or Septomixine in eliminating residual intra\u2010canal bacteria, particularly <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> spp., during inter\u2010appointment interval in endodontic therapy using molecular methods.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> A total of 31 single\u2010rooted teeth with primary root canal infections were studied immediately after opening the canals and subsequently after instrumentation, irrigation with sterile saline and 1\u2010week medication with either Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200325) or Septomixine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20036). Whole bacterial genomic DNA was isolated directly from samples and PCR with universal primers performed to detect total intra\u2010canal bacteria. The variable regions of 16S rDNA of bacteria were amplified and labeled with digoxigenin for further hybridization to detect <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> spp. A total of seven oligonucleotide probes specific for <jats:italic>A. bovis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. gerencseriae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. israelii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A. meyeri<\/jats:italic>, catalase\u2010negative <jats:italic>A. naeslundii<\/jats:italic> (genospecies 1 and 2), catalase\u2010positive <jats:italic>A. naeslundii<\/jats:italic> genospecies 2 and <jats:italic>A. odontolyticus<\/jats:italic> were used to detect <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> spp. in 22 of 31 medicated root canals [Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200317; Septomixine: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20035].<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The PCR results showed that 25 of 31 examined canals were positively detected with residual microorganisms after instrumentation, irrigation with sterile saline and 1\u2010week medication with either Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200320) or Septomixine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20035). Thus, only six canals [Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20035, Septomixine: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20031] were aseptic after treatment. Hybridization results showed higher detection frequency of both <jats:italic>A. odontolyticus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. gerencseriae<\/jats:italic> after treatment. Significant correlation was found between exposed pulp before treatment and positive detection of <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> spp., particularly <jats:italic>A. odontolyticus<\/jats:italic> on the second visit (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The conventional, 1\u2010week medication of either Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or Septomixine in endodontic therapy may not effectively inhibit residual bacterial growth in all root canals during inter\u2010appointment intervals. Further investigations using, for instance quantitative real\u2010time PCR analyses, are required to substantiate the present findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2004.01015.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,5]],"date-time":"2004-11-05T14:11:50Z","timestamp":1099663910000},"page":"389-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Molecular evaluation of residual endodontic microorganisms after instrumentation, irrigation and medication with either calcium hydroxide or 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