{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:40:30Z","timestamp":1792726830138,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,28]],"date-time":"2006-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    To characterize the prevalence of geographic tongue (GT) among US adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Population\u2010based case\u2013control study\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Main outcome measures:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    The presence or absence of GT.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects and methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Data from 16\u2003833 adults examined during The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994 (NHANES III), a study based on multistage probability sampling were analyzed using SAS\u2010callable SUDAAN 9.0.1.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Geographic tongue point prevalence was 1.8% (95% CI: 1.4, 2.3). Multivariate logistic regression showed significant effects of race\u2010ethnicity, with Whites (AOR\u2003=\u20031.8; 1.3, 2.5) and Blacks (AOR\u2003=\u20031.6; 1.2, 2.1) having greater odds of GT than Mexican\u2010Americans; current corticosteroid therapy (AOR\u2003=\u20033.7; 1.54, 8.6). Cigarette smokers had lower GT prevalence (AOR\u2003=\u20030.4; 0.3, 0.6). Fissured tongue (FT) was strongly associated with GT among non\u2010smokers: AOR\u2003=\u200317.5 (7.8, 39.5). We did not find significant associations with age, gender, oral contraceptive use, diabetes mellitus, allergy or atopy, psychological or dermatological conditions as previous research has suggested.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Geographic tongue was more prevalent among Whites and Blacks compared with Mexican\u2010Americans, positively associated with FT, and inversely associated with cigarette smoking.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01208.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,28]],"date-time":"2006-03-28T05:05:02Z","timestamp":1143522302000},"page":"381-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors associated with geographic tongue among US 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