{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T09:21:12Z","timestamp":1793870472506,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,25]],"date-time":"2012-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Oral Diseases<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2012)\n                    <jats:bold>18<\/jats:bold>\n                    , 333\u2013345\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article reviews the aetiopathogenesis of halitosis (oral malodour) and management. Halitosis is any disagreeable breath odour. In most patients, the odour originates from the oral cavity. In some patients, it has an extra\u2010oral aetiology and, in a few, metabolic anomalies are responsible. In other patients complaining of malodour, this is imagined rather than real. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) and other elements appear largely responsible for the malodour. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, hyposalivation, dental appliances, gingival and periodontal disease and mucosal disease. The first step in assessment is objective measurement to determine whether malodour is present. If present, the oral or extra\u2010oral origin should be determined, because the latter requires medical investigation and support in therapy, as is also the case where the malodour is imagined rather than real. Oral malodour is managed largely by oral health improvement, plus use of one or more of the wide range of antimalodour therapies, and sometimes also with use of a malodour counteractive. Emergent treatments include probiotics and vaccines targeted against causal micro\u2010organisms or their products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01890.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]],"date-time":"2011-12-15T23:55:09Z","timestamp":1323993309000},"page":"333-345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Halitology (breath odour: aetiopathogenesis and management)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Scully","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Greenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.123493"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2005.00322.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/4\/1\/017103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(08)70003-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.03.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2007.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","first-page":"196","article-title":"Oral malodor: philosophical and practical aspects","volume":"63","author":"Bosy A","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2007.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"The effects of dentifrice systems on oral malodor","volume":"9","author":"Brunette DM","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Den"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00452.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)57189-X"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"A randomized cross\u2010over clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice on the reduction of oral malodor","volume":"23","author":"Chen X","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5037.2003.00034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62354-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01248.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/07-074.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2011.00010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2001.0239"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Bad breath: a multi\u2010disciplinary approach","author":"El\u2010Maaytah MA","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-006-0044-5"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","first-page":"658","article-title":"Overnight malodor effect with a 0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice","volume":"28","author":"Farrell S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2006.00955.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","article-title":"Breath malodor reduction with use of a stannous\u2010containing sodium fluoride dentifrice: a meta\u2010analysis of four randomized and controlled clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Feng X","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Efficacy of a chlorine dioxide\u2010containing mouthrinse in oral malodor","volume":"21","author":"Frascella J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2008.tb00192.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Breath effects of three marketed dentifrices: a comparative study evaluating single and cumulative use","volume":"9","author":"Gerlach RW","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028010970.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Dental plaque revisited; 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