{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:59:19Z","timestamp":1787497159592,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,20]],"date-time":"2009-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      Heroin addiction is a chronic complex disease with a substantial genetic contribution. This study was designed to identify gene variants associated with heroin addiction in African Americans. The emphasis was on genes involved in reward modulation, behavioral control, cognitive function, signal transduction and stress response. We have performed a case\u2013control association analysis by screening with 1350 variants of 130 genes. The sample consisted of 202 former severe heroin addicts in methadone treatment and 167 healthy controls with no history of drug abuse. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), haplotype and multi\u2010SNP genotype pattern analyses were performed. Seventeen SNPs showed point\u2010wise significant association with heroin addiction (nominal\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). These SNPs are from genes encoding several receptors: adrenergic (\n                      <jats:italic>ADRA1A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), arginine vasopressin (\n                      <jats:italic>AVPR1A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), cholinergic (\n                      <jats:italic>CHRM2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), dopamine\n                      <jats:italic>(DRD1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), GABA\u2010A (\n                      <jats:italic>GABRB3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), glutamate (\n                      <jats:italic>GRIN2A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and serotonin (\n                      <jats:italic>HTR3A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) as well as alcohol dehydrogenase (\n                      <jats:italic>ADH7<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), glutamic acid decarboxylase (\n                      <jats:italic>GAD1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>GAD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), the nucleoside transporter (\n                      <jats:italic>SLC29A1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and diazepam\u2010binding inhibitor (\n                      <jats:italic>DBI<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). The most significant result of the analyses was obtained for the\n                      <jats:italic>GRIN2A<\/jats:italic>\n                      haplotype G\u2010A\u2010T (rs4587976\u2010rs1071502\u2010rs1366076) with protective effect (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>uncorrected<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 9.6E\u2010 05,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>corrected<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.058). This study corroborates several reported associations with alcohol and drug addiction as well as other related disorders and extends the list of variants that may affect the development of heroin addiction. Further studies will be necessary to replicate these associations and to elucidate the roles of these variants in drug addiction vulnerability.\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183x.2009.00501.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,20]],"date-time":"2009-05-20T06:01:18Z","timestamp":1242799278000},"page":"531-540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Heroin addiction in African Americans: a hypothesis\u2010driven association study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Levran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Londono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"O'Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Randesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rotrosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Casadonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Linzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Adelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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