{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T13:41:37Z","timestamp":1770990097279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]],"date-time":"2012-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>The etiology and pathophysiology of Tourette Syndrome (TS) remain poorly understood. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a complex genetic background and the cortico\u2010striato\u2010thalamo\u2010cortical circuit are involved. The role of<jats:italic>Lhx6<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lhx8<\/jats:italic>in the development of the striatal interneurons, prompted us to investigate them as novel candidate genes for TS. We performed a comparative study of the expression of<jats:italic>Lhx6<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lhx8<\/jats:italic>and investigated genetic association with TS using two samples of trios (TSGeneSEE and German sample \u2010 222 families). We show that<jats:italic>Lhx6<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lhx8<\/jats:italic>expression in the forebrain is evolutionarily conserved, underlining their possible importance in TS\u2010related pathophysiological pathways. Our tagging\u2010single nucleotide polymorphism (tSNP)\u2010based association analysis was negative for association with<jats:italic>LHX8<\/jats:italic>. However, we found positive association with<jats:italic>LHX6<\/jats:italic>in the TSGeneSEE sample (corrected<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value = 0.006 for three\u2010site haplotype around SNP rs3808901) but no association in the sample of German families. Interestingly, the SNP allele that was identified to be significantly associated in the TSGeneSEE dataset, showed an opposite trend of transmission in the German dataset. Our analysis of the correlation of the<jats:italic>LHX6<\/jats:italic>region with individual ancestry within Europe, revealed the fact that this particular SNP demonstrates a high degree of population differentiation and is correlated with the North to South axis of European genetic variation. Our results indicate that further study of the<jats:italic>LHX6<\/jats:italic>gene in relation to the TS phenotype is warranted and suggest the intriguing hypothesis that different genetic factors may contribute to the etiology of TS in different populations, even within Europe.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183x.2012.00778.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]],"date-time":"2012-03-22T23:44:40Z","timestamp":1332459880000},"page":"444-451","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evaluation of the LIM homeobox genes<i>LHX6<\/i>and<i>LHX8<\/i>as candidates for Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Paschou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Stylianopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Karagiannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Tarnok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Wolanczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hebebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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