{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:04:22Z","timestamp":1788170662155,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,15]],"date-time":"2008-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1200355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Dental Hygiene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold><jats:bold> Objective:\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to evaluate the extent of <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic> contamination in a dental unit water line (DUWL) at a Dental Teaching Centre in Jordan.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Ten dental units were sampled from each teaching clinic, namely conservative dentistry, periodontology and prosthodontics. Samples were collected from the air\/water syringe, high\u2010speed hand piece and water cup filler. Sampling time was at the beginning of the working day (before the dental unit was used), after 2\u2003min of flushing, and at midday.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic> counts ranged between 0 and 8.35\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (CFU\u2003ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic> was detected in 86.7% of the dental units at the beginning of the working day, 40% after 2\u2003min flushing and 53.3% at midday. The highest <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> counts were found at the beginning of the working day which were reduced by flushing the waterlines. The conservative dentistry clinic had the highest contamination level followed by the periodontology and prosthodontics clinics (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.05). The rate of contamination can be ascribed to the dental procedures performed in the clinics, the degree of using the hand pieces, and water softening and heating.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The difficulty of completely eliminating micro\u2010organism contaminating water used for dental treatment and the resulting biofilm suggest that flushing of DUWL can be a first solution in reducing <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> counts, while the incorporation of a disinfection method is highly recommended. Water heating and softening should be considered in practicing dentistry as factors that may aid in <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> proliferation inside the DUWL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2007.00280.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,4]],"date-time":"2010-08-04T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1280921771000},"page":"48-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["<i>Legionella pneumophila<\/i> contamination of a dental unit water line system in a dental teaching centre"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"SY","family":"Ma\u2019ayeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AS","family":"Al\u2010Hiyasat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MY","family":"Hindiyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YS","family":"Khader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Waste Water","author":"Eaton AD","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"128","article-title":"Aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila generated by shower heads and hot water faucets","volume":"50","author":"Bolin GE","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Hygiene problems in dental practice with special attention to dental units","volume":"183","author":"Borneff M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Demonstration of Legionella pneumophila in dental units","volume":"183","author":"Reinthaler F","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(88)90185-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1982.0438"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"87","volume-title":"First International Symposium on Aerobiology","author":"Burton WE","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"159","article-title":"Causes of death among dentists: a comparison with the general male population","volume":"30","author":"Cuthbertson WC","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Calif State Dent Assoc Nev State Dent Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Legionella: Current Status and Emerging Perspectives","author":"Paszko\u2010Kolva C","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670061001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345850640121101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(90)90044-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880006698X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"539","article-title":"Waterborne biofilms and dentistry: the changing face of infection control","volume":"66","author":"Barbeau J","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.4.1208-1213.1995","article-title":"Legionella contamination in dental unit water","volume":"61","author":"Atlas RM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.60.5.1585-1592.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","unstructured":"CappuccinoJG ShermanN.Microbiology: a laboratory manual. 4th edition. 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