{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:56:08Z","timestamp":1773294968115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]],"date-time":"2014-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403568000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3006,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Neuropsychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal models of depression and psychopharmacological mechanisms of action suggest the importance of the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Mood stabilizers have overlapping effects on GABAergic neurotransmission, and antidepressant use has been associated with alterations in GABA<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub> receptor function. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides an opportunity to noninvasively assess cerebral GABA concentrations in anterior paralimbic circuits that have been implicated in mood disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>In bipolar disorder patients and healthy control subjects, we used MRS with a modified GABA-edited point resolved spectroscopy sequence (TE 68 ms, TR 1500 ms, 512 averages, total scan time 26 min) to assess GABA in an 18-cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> occipital voxel. In addition, in another cohort of bipolar disorder patients and healthy control subjects, we similarly assessed GABA in a 12.5-cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> medial prefrontal\/anterior cingulate (MPF\/AC) voxel. The concentration of GABA was referenced to creatine (Cr) from unedited spectra.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>In bipolar patients and controls, we consistently detected 3.0 p.p.m. GABA peaks in occipital lobe and MPF\/AC. In 16 bipolar (nine bipolar I and seven bipolar II) disorder patients, compared with six healthy control subjects, mean occipital GABA\/Cr concentration was 61% higher. In addition, in 15 bipolar (five bipolar I, nine bipolar II, and one bipolar not otherwise specified) disorder patients, compared with six healthy control subjects, mean MPF\/AC GABA\/Cr concentration tended to be 41% higher.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with bipolar disorders may have increased cerebral GABA concentrations. Although this was more evident in the occipital lobe, MPC\/AC GABA disturbance may be of greater potential interest in view the more established role of MPF\/AC in affective processing. Additional studies are warranted to assess changes in GABAergic neurotransmission and the influences of diagnosis, mood state, and medication status in bipolar disorder patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2006.00132.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,5]],"date-time":"2006-05-05T13:54:58Z","timestamp":1146837298000},"page":"120-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurement of cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in patients with bipolar disorders"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Po W.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Napapon","family":"Sailasuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terence A.","family":"Ketter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924270800003604_b31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(86)90206-6"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13872.x"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(95)00025-I"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3239"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b38","first-page":"582","article-title":"Anticonvulsant activation of pain-suppressive systems","volume":"45","author":"Hitchcock","year":"1982","journal-title":"Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.017"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b32","first-page":"69","article-title":"GABAergic responses to lithium chloride: dependence on dose, treatment length and experimental condition","volume":"42","author":"Rubio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b26","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Anticonvulsants in affective disorders","author":"Bernasconi","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b20","first-page":"191","article-title":"Upregulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B binding sites in rat frontal cortex: a common action of repeated administration of different classes of antidepressants and electroshock","volume":"235","author":"Lloyd","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio234124a0"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b34","first-page":"982","article-title":"Effects of chronic treatment with trihexyphenidyl and carbamazepine alone or in combination with haloperidol on substance P content in rat brain: a possible implication of substance P in affective disorders","volume":"245","author":"Mitsushio","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b10","first-page":"125P","article-title":"Correlation between the behavioral effect of desipramine and GABA-B receptor regulation in the olfactory bulbectomized rat","volume":"90","author":"Joly","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00285-4"},{"key":"S0924270800003604_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(92)90062-J","article-title":"GABA receptor alterations after chronic lithium administration. 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