{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T03:07:21Z","timestamp":1771729641358,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]],"date-time":"2012-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Orthod Craniofacial Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>M\u00f6ller M., Schaupp E., Massumi\u2010M\u00f6ller N., Zeyher C., Godt A., Berneburg M. Reference values for three\u2010dimensional surface cephalometry in children aged 3\u20136\u2003years \u2028<jats:italic>Orthod Craniofac Res<\/jats:italic> 2012; <jats:bold>15<\/jats:bold>: 103\u2013116. \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons A\/S<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Structured Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002\u2013\u2002<\/jats:bold> This prospective cross\u2010sectional study design was performed to define reference values for the facial surfaces of 3\u20136\u2010year\u2010old boys and girls using three\u2010dimensional surface cephalometry.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Material and Methods\u2002\u2013\u2002<\/jats:bold> A total of 2290 standardized three\u2010dimensional facial images from 3 to 6\u2010year\u2010old preschool children were separated by gender and assigned to four age categories. All children were Caucasian and revealed no evidence of dentofacial abnormalities. On each image, 31 cephalometric landmarks were marked, resulting in 35 (19 frontal, six lateral, 10 paired) distances and eight angles. Differences between age groups and genders were calculated and significances detected.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002\u2013\u2002<\/jats:bold> A base table with reference values was compiled, which indicated that boys showed higher values than age\u2010matched girls and that measured distances increased with age.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002\u2013\u2002<\/jats:bold> The mean values from this study could be compiled as a reference table for three\u2010dimensional facial analysis in Caucasian children aged 3\u20136\u2003years. Such a reference table could be used in comparative studies with other populations or children with craniofacial malformations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2012.01541.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]],"date-time":"2012-04-20T08:07:12Z","timestamp":1334909232000},"page":"103-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reference values for three\u2010dimensional surface cephalometry in children aged 3\u20136\u2003years"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Schaupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Massumi\u2010M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Zeyher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Godt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Berneburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","unstructured":"Kahl\u2010NiekeB.[The statement of the DGKfo on the optimal timing for the performance of orthodontic measures (with special reference to early orthodontic treatment)].http:\/\/www.dgkfo\u2010vorstand.de\/fileadmin\/redaktion\/stellungnahmen\/Stellungnahme_Behandlungsbeginn.pdf. 2010. 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