{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T20:35:17Z","timestamp":1761510917250},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,23]],"date-time":"2007-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Contamination during urine collection causes difficulty in diagnosing infantile urinary tract infection (UTI). Though considered a gold\u2010standard, suprapubic aspiration is traumatic and not always successful. Catheterization and clean void technique were often preferred but their relative usefulness has not been compared.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Objectives: To compare the culture results of clean void urine (CVU) and catheter urine (CathU) from children below 2\u2010years old known to have no UTI. We tested whether the false\u2010positive rates of CVU were significantly different from that of CathU.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods: Paired CVU and CathU samples were collected from asymptomatic children admitted for micturiting cystourethrogram, and tested for leucocytes and nitrite, and bacterial culture using standard laboratory methods.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results: Culture results for 98 children (82 boys, 16 girls; aged 6 \u00b1 4.3 months) were analysed. Analysis by presence\/absence of growths showed good agreement between CVU and CathU for boys (<jats:italic>Kappa<\/jats:italic> 0.42) but poor for girls (<jats:italic>Kappa<\/jats:italic> 0.18). When analysed by colony counts, agreement was poor with CVU yielding more counts than CathU (<jats:italic>Kappa<\/jats:italic> 0.1 for boys and 0.04 for girls). If all mixed growth results were considered as contaminants, the false positive rates for CathU and CVU were similar whether the cut\u2010off was defined as 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> or 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\/mL. If mixed growth was believed to cause UTI, CathU produced less false\u2010positive rates than CVU, though both rates were unacceptably high.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion: In uncircumcized boys, both CVU and CathU were prone to contamination. Though the contaminating bacterial counts were lower in CathU culture, the false\u2010positive rates were high with the lower cut\u2010off CFUs. Contrary to previous recommendations, CathU should be interpreted similar to CVU to avoid false positive diagnosis of UTI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00146.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,30]],"date-time":"2008-04-30T21:00:00Z","timestamp":1209589200000},"page":"432-436","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A comparative study on bacterial cultures of urine samples obtained by clean\u2010void technique versus urethral catheterization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Angela Yu","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sik\u2010Nin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kam\u2010Tong","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwok\u2010Wah","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha Po\u2010Siu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tak\u2010Lun","family":"Que","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81531-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80702-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198703000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.86.3.363","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants younger than 8 weeks of age","volume":"86","author":"Crain EF","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.69.4.409","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in young infants","volume":"69","author":"Ginsberg CM","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70422-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1981.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000053416.93518.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)90045-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1561-5413(09)60173-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050535"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6701.703"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"983","article-title":"Comparative bacteriologic study of urine obtained from children by percutaneous suprapubic aspiration of the bladder and by catheter","volume":"24","author":"Pryles CV","year":"1959","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.10.1072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80861-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Bladder aspiration for diagnosis of urinary tract infection in infants and young children","volume":"18","author":"Leong YY","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Singapore Paediatr Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00445924"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-1942-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000138847.14680.7d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000113882.10140.8b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.4.843"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosing urinary tract infection (UTI) in the under fives","volume":"8","author":"The University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination","year":"2004","journal-title":"Effective Health Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1973.tb08126.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"390","article-title":"Suprapubic aspiration of the urinary bladder for accurate diagnosis of urinary tract infections in children","volume":"61","author":"Bergwall B","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","first-page":"390","article-title":"Suprapubic aspiration of the urinary bladder. 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