{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:35:40Z","timestamp":1790771740383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]],"date-time":"2012-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Studies in Family Planning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite a decline in fertility, an increase in contraceptive prevalence, and a wide expansion of family planning programs in Iran and Turkey, a large proportion of \u201cbirth limiters\u201d rely on withdrawal to avoid pregnancy. Adopting a comparative approach, this study draws on data from the 2000 Iran DHS and 2003 Turkey DHS to examine the determinants of the practice of withdrawal among birth limiters. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate the likelihood of withdrawal use among two representative samples of birth limiters. Higher education and wealth were associated with greater likelihood of withdrawal use among birth limiters in Iran, while an inverse association was found in Turkey. Older age was positively associated with withdrawal in both countries, whereas having more than four children was inversely related to use. Study results suggest that family planning and reproductive health programs in Iran and Turkey should be aware of the groups that have high rates of withdrawal use, should educate couples in the effective use of withdrawal, and should encourage the use of more effective modern methods and emergency contraceptives when appropriate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2012.00299.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]],"date-time":"2012-03-08T09:07:53Z","timestamp":1331197673000},"page":"21-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Use of Withdrawal among Birth Limiters in Iran and Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Erfani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilknur","family":"Yuksel\u2010Kaptanoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"\u201cReasons for choosing withdrawal method among women at reproductive ages in Rasht, Iran,\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Abbasi\u2010Shavazi Mohammad Jalal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertility and Infertility"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.18356\/371f2549-en","article-title":"\u201cA new direction in population policy and family planning in the Islamic Republic of Iran,\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Aghajanian Akbar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Population Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.25336\/P6JK63","article-title":"\u201cContinuing use of withdrawal as a contraceptive method in Iran,\u201d","volume":"34","author":"Akbar Aghajanian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Canadian Studies in Population"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"\u201cThe use of traditional contraceptive methods in Ghaemshahr, Iran: The levels and correlates,\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad\u2010Shirvani Marjan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hayat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"\u201cFactors affecting ever\u2010married male's contraceptive use in Turkey,\u201d","volume":"48","author":"Levent Ak\u0131n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gulhane Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3038208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441730500441178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Choosing a Contraceptive: Method Choice in Asia and the United States","author":"Bulatao R.A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180410001715663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13625180802255719"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"\u201cKnowledge, attitude, and practice of emergency contraceptive methods among women in the city of Shahrekurd in Iran in 2006,\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Delaram M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Medical University of Shahrekurd"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The Expectation and Satisfaction of Family Planning Services among Women Who Referred to Health Centres","author":"Dogan Yeliz","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Istanbul Households: Marriage, Family and Fertility, 1880\u20131940","author":"Duben Alan","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Erfani Amir.2006.\u201cThe bases of rapid fertility decline in Iran 1966\u20132000.\u201dDoctoral Dissertation Department of Sociology University of Western Ontario Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Tehran Survey of Fertility, 2009","author":"Erfani Amir","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3713411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Erfani Amir andKevinMcQuillan. 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