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However, the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> embryo production system in pigs is inefficient compared with those in other mammals, such as cattle or mice. Although numerous modifications have been applied to improve the efficiency of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> embryo production systems in pigs, not much progress has been made to overcome the problem of polyspermy, and low developmental ability due to insufficient cytoplasmic abilities of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> matured oocytes and improper culture conditions for the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> produced embryos. Recent achievements, such as the establishment of chemically defined medium and utilization of \u2018zona hardening\u2019 technique, have gained some success. 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