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The observation days could be categorized into five clusters (C1\u2013C5) by the characteristic behavioral pattern of each day. C1 had the highest percentage of resting of all clusters, and was observed after the loss of the conspecific and the beginning of use of the indoor exhibition room at night. C2, which had the highest percentage of stereotypy of any cluster, was observed after the beginning of habituation to the indoor exhibition room. Also, when the time schedule of management was changed irregularly, the subject frequently exhibited stereotypic pacing (C2, C4). The subject tended to rest when exhibiting lameness in the left hind limb (C3). In C5, activity reached a high level when she could utilize a familiar place under a stable management schedule. These results indicate that management changes affected the mental stability of an elephant in the early stage of social isolation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2011.00992.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,5]],"date-time":"2012-01-05T20:58:41Z","timestamp":1325797121000},"page":"562-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of daily management changes on behavioral patterns of a solitary female African elephant (<i>Loxodonta africana<\/i>) in a zoo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Nao","family":"KOYAMA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"UENO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"EGUCHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsuji","family":"UETAKE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"TANAKA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"AZA Standards for Elephant Management and Care","author":"American Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"BadihiI.2006.The effects of complexity choice and control on the behaviour and the welfare of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). 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