{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:14:09Z","timestamp":1761707649956},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,12]],"date-time":"2004-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1079049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Diagnosing right\u2010to\u2010left congenital cardiac shunts can be difficult. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography represent the traditional gold standard for diagnosis, but they are invasive. Nuclear scintigraphy using <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>Tc\u2010macroaggregated albumin (MAA) has been employed in humans as an alternate method of diagnosis. This study reviews eight dogs presented for evaluation of a suspect right\u2010to\u2010left cardiac shunt that were examined using <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>Tc\u2010MAA. In all, 2\u20134\u2003mCi (74\u2013148\u2003MBq) of reduced particle <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>Tc\u2010MAA were injected IV in a cephalic vein and static images of the whole body, including right and left lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, were acquired for 60\u2003s and stored into a 256\u00d7256\u00d716 matrix. Shunt fractions were calculated. One dog with radiopharmaceutical distribution limited to the lungs did not have a shunt. Seven dogs had distribution of the radiopharmaceutical outside the pulmonary capillary bed, indicating bypassing of the pulmonary capillary circulation due to a right\u2010to\u2010left shunt. Four dogs had <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>Tc\u2010MAA within the brain. Three dogs that did not have brain uptake, but instead had a sharp cutoff of radioactivity at the level of the front limbs and neck, were diagnosed with reverse patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The asymmetric distribution of the radiopharmaceutical is due to the location of the shunt, distal to the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery. Shunt fractions of dogs with extrapulmonary radioactivity ranged from 40% to 59%. Nuclear scintigraphy with <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>Tc\u2010MAA is a quick alternative method of diagnosing right\u2010to\u2010left cardiac shunts that permits quantification of shunt fraction. Distinguishing between reverse PDA and other right\u2010to\u2010left shunts may be possible based on the radiopharmaceutical distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04016.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,12]],"date-time":"2004-03-12T16:30:12Z","timestamp":1079109012000},"page":"97-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnosis of Congenital Cardiac Right\u2010to\u2010left Shunts with <sup>99m<\/sup>Tc\u2010macroaggregated Albumin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Morandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory B.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Gompf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Bahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Textbook of Feline and Canine Cardiology","author":"Bonagura JD","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb06024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-7788-0.50024-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Textbook of Nuclear Medicine","author":"Wilson MA.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03168398"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/111.2.359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Thoracic Radiography","author":"Suter PF","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"859","article-title":"Embolic distribution through patent foramen ovale demonstrated by 99mTc\u2010MAA brain SPECT after Valsalva Radionuclide Venography","volume":"6","author":"Hayashida K","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.9.1827"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"1607","article-title":"A scintigraphic sign for detection of right\u2010to\u2010left shunts","volume":"34","author":"Dogan AS","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1086-5802(16)31035-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Handbook of Veterinary Nuclear Medicine","author":"Berry CR","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Nuclear Medicine\u2014the Requisites","author":"Thrall JH","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"746","article-title":"Measurements of cardiac shunting with Technetium\u2010labeled albumin aggregates","volume":"12","author":"Gates GF","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/112.3.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42220-4","article-title":"Lung scan in cardiopulmonary disease","volume":"61","author":"Lin CY.","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"1362","volume-title":"Nuclear Medicine","author":"Noremberg JP","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Suitability of radiopharmaceuticals for determining right\u2010to\u2010left shunting","volume":"18","author":"Gates GF","year":"1977","journal-title":"concise communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)41513-4","article-title":"Surgery of congenital heart disease assessed by radionuclide scintigraphy","volume":"69","author":"Gates GF","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199603000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-200109000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199202000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arteriovenous shunting in patients with multiple myeloma and high\u2010output failure","volume":"39","author":"Inanir S","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20010051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198602000-00004"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; 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