{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:30:44Z","timestamp":1770481844935,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,18]],"date-time":"2012-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RLN<\/jats:styled-content>) is the most common cause of laryngeal hemiplegia in horses and causes neurogenic atrophy of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, including the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle. Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy results in paresis to paralysis of the vocal fold and arytenoid cartilage, which limits performance through respiratory compromise. Ultrasound has previously been reported to be a useful diagnostic technique in horses with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RLN<\/jats:styled-content>. In this report, the diagnostic sensitivity of subjective and quantitative laryngeal ultrasonography was evaluated in 154 horses presented for poor performance due to suspected upper airway disease. Ultrasonographic parameters recorded were: cricoarytenoideus lateralis echogenicity (subjective and quantitative), cricoarytenoideus lateralis thickness, vocal fold movement, and arytenoid cartilage movement. Ultrasonographic parameters were then compared with laryngeal grades based on resting and exercising upper airway endoscopy. Subjectively increased left cricoarytenoideus lateralis echogenicity yielded a sensitivity of 94.59% and specificity of 94.54% for detecting<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RLN<\/jats:styled-content>, based on the reference standard of exercising laryngeal endoscopy. Quantitative left cricoarytenoideus lateralis echogenicity values differed among resting laryngeal grades I\u2013IV. Findings from this study support previously published findings and the utility of subjective and quantitative laryngeal ultrasound as diagnostic tools for horses with poor performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01974.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,12]],"date-time":"2013-03-12T16:19:52Z","timestamp":1363105192000},"page":"660-666","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF SUBJECTIVE AND QUANTITATIVE LARYNGEAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NEUROPATHY IN HORSES"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Studies Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON N1G 2W1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Yeager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norm","family":"Ducharme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690698"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02666.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Changes in the equine larynx associated with laryngeal hemiplegia","volume":"7","author":"Cole CR","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.01.16","article-title":"Effects of laryngeal hemiplegia and laryngoplasty on airway flow mechanics in exercising horses","volume":"47","author":"Derksen FJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1988.49.10.1760","article-title":"Effects of ventriculectomy, prosthetic laryngoplasty, and exercise on upper airway function in horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia","volume":"49","author":"Shappel KK","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.11.1668","article-title":"Efficacy of bilateral prosthetic laryngoplasty with and without bilateral ventriculocordectomy as treatments for laryngeal hemiplegia in horses","volume":"57","author":"Tetens J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05183.x","article-title":"Measurements of pulmonary capillary pressure in horses undergoing alteration of intrathoracic pressure by imposition of various upper airway resistive loads","volume":"30","author":"Ducharme NG","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eq Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1995.tb01291.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"593","volume-title":"Equine surgery","author":"Fulton IC","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00170.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1986.35343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"ChalmersHJ CheethamJ MohammedHO YeagerAE DucharmeNG.Ultrasonography as an aid in the diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses.Proceedings of the 2006 ACVS Veterinary Symposium Washington DC 2006;3\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(02)00758-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Proc Havermyer workshop on equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy","author":"Dixon PM","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80286-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.31.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"469","volume-title":"The essential physics of medical imaging","author":"Bushberg JT","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11929.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880160309"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501000-00010"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; 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