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The aim of this study was to obtain information on the cell targets and the mechanism of action of viscotoxin isoform A<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (VtA<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>). We describe a detailed study of viscotoxin interaction with fungal\u2010derived model membranes, its location inside spores of <jats:italic>Fusarium solani<\/jats:italic>, as well as their induced spore death. We show that VtA<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> induces the appearance of ion\u2010channel\u2010like activity, the generation of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and an increase in cytoplasmic free Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. Moreover, we show that Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> is involved in VtA<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced spore death and increased H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentration. The data presented here strongly support the notion that the antifungal activity of VtA<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> is due to membrane binding and channel formation, leading to destabilization and disruption of the plasma membrane, thereby supporting a direct role for viscotoxins in the plant defence mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2005.05042.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,28]],"date-time":"2005-11-28T16:21:36Z","timestamp":1133194896000},"page":"72-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Antifungal effects and mechanism of action of viscotoxin A<sub>3<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"Marcela","family":"Giudici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Antonio Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda 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