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Pinealocytes function as \u2018neuroendocrine transducers\u2019 to secrete melatonin during the dark phase of the light\/dark cycle and, consequently, melatonin is often called the \u2018hormone of darkness\u2019. Melatonin is principally secreted at night and is centrally involved in sleep regulation, as well as in a number of other cyclical bodily activities. Melatonin is exclusively involved in signaling the \u2018time of day\u2019 and \u2018time of year\u2019 (hence considered to help both clock and calendar functions) to all tissues and is thus considered to be the body's chronological pacemaker or \u2018Zeitgeber\u2019. Synthesis of melatonin also occurs in other areas of the body, including the retina, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, bone marrow and in lymphocytes, from which it may influence other physiological functions through paracrine signaling. Melatonin has also been extracted from the seeds and leaves of a number of plants and its concentration in some of this material is several orders of magnitude higher than its night\u2010time plasma value in humans. Melatonin participates in diverse physiological functions. In addition to its timekeeping functions, melatonin is an effective antioxidant which scavenges free radicals and up\u2010regulates several antioxidant enzymes. It also has a strong antiapoptotic signaling function, an effect which it exerts even during ischemia. Melatonin's cytoprotective properties have practical implications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Melatonin also has immune\u2010enhancing and oncostatic properties. Its \u2018chronobiotic\u2019 properties have been shown to have value in treating various circadian rhythm sleep disorders, such as jet lag or shift\u2010work sleep disorder. Melatonin acting as an \u2018internal sleep facilitator\u2019 promotes sleep, and melatonin's sleep\u2010facilitating properties have been found to be useful for treating insomnia symptoms in elderly and depressive patients. A recently introduced melatonin analog, agomelatine, is also efficient for the treatment of major depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder. Melatonin's role as a \u2018photoperiodic molecule\u2019 in seasonal reproduction has been established in photoperiodic species, although its regulatory influence in humans remains under investigation. Taken together, this evidence implicates melatonin in a broad range of effects with a significant regulatory influence over many of the body's physiological functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05322.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,15]],"date-time":"2006-06-15T11:30:28Z","timestamp":1150371028000},"page":"2813-2838","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":711,"title":["Melatonin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"S. R.","family":"Pandi\u2010Perumal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. J. M.","family":"Maestroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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