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In this study, PC\u2010HMWCs were isolated from photoheterotrophic <jats:italic>Euglena\u2003gracilis<\/jats:italic> and purified to homogeneity, resulting in compounds of molecular mass 50\u2013380\u2003kDa depending on the CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and sulfate concentrations in the culture medium. In contrast with plants and some yeasts, PC\u2010HMWCs from <jats:italic>E.\u2003gracilis<\/jats:italic> mainly comprise (57\u201375%) monothiol molecules (Cys, \u03b3\u2010glutamylcysteine, GSH) and, to a lesser extent (25\u201343%), PCs. A similar acid\u2010soluble thiol compound composition was found in whole cell extracts. The \u2013SH\/Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>and S<jats:sup>2\u2013<\/jats:sup>\/Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> ratios found in purified PC\u2010HMWCs were 1.5 and 1.8, respectively; the (\u2013SH\u2003+\u2003S<jats:sup>2\u2013<\/jats:sup>)\/Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> ratio was 3.2. PC\u2010HMWCs of molecular mass 60 and 100\u2003kDa were also localized inside Percoll\u2010purified chloroplasts, in which cadmium and PCs were mainly compartmentalized. Cadmium and sulfur\u2010rich clusters with similar sulfur\/cadmium stoichiometries to those of the purified PC\u2010HMWCs were detected in the chloroplast and throughout the cell by energy dispersive microanalysis and atomic resolution electron microscopy. The presence of PC\u2010HMWCs in primitive photosynthetic eukaryotes such as the protist, <jats:italic>E.\u2003gracilis<\/jats:italic>, suggests that their function as the final cadmium\u2010storage\u2010inactivation process is widespread. Their particular intracellular localization suggests that chloroplasts may play a major role in the cadmium\u2010resistance mechanism in organisms lacking a plant\u2010like vacuole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05558.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,20]],"date-time":"2006-11-20T09:50:28Z","timestamp":1164016228000},"page":"5703-5713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Phytochelatin\u2013cadmium\u2013sulfide high\u2010molecular\u2010mass complexes of <i>Euglena\u2003gracilis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"David G.","family":"Mendoza\u2010C\u00f3zatl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 S.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Mendoza\u2010Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Briones\u2010Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Moreno\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.9.4721"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.4.1293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-0134(92)80019-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1993.1367"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.99.3.817"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.1.195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Transformation of cadmium\u2010binding complexes during cadmium sequestration in fission yeast","volume":"36","author":"Wu JS","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900296"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2002.1150214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-003-0547-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-005-0013-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2004.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Response to heavy metals in organisms. 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