{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T12:04:24Z","timestamp":1759665864467},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]],"date-time":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Wound Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ethanol that affects hydration of skin and used in wound treatment formulations was studied here for its effect on permeation of drugs through burn eschar and to investigate the presence of a porous pathway in this barrier.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this study, permeations of clindamycin phosphate (CP, hydrophilic) and diazepam (lipophilic) through human burn eschar were investigated in the presence and absence of ethanol. Permeability coefficients (<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>) of CP and diazepam through hydrated eschar were calculated to be 13\u00b71 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> and 17\u00b74 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> cm\/h respectively. These <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> values were decreased by about 1\u00b75\u20135\u00b73 and 2\u201310\u00b77 times respectively upon the addition of 20\u201370% ethanol. Increased amount of ethanol decreased permeation flux of CP (2\u201320 times) and increased that of diazepam (3\u201380 times) from saturated solutions. Thermal analysis showed that ethanol dehydrates eschar and also changes its internal proteineous structure. Such changes were concluded to be the main reasons behind decreased <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> of both drugs. Comparison of <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> data suggests the possibility and importance of a pore pathway in permeation of both drugs through the hydrated burn eschar. Present results show that ethanol, and possibly other dehydrating agents, can decrease the permeability of eschar and that this effect should be considered in formulation developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481x.2011.00879.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]],"date-time":"2011-12-07T09:57:59Z","timestamp":1323251879000},"page":"221-229","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A mechanistic study on the effect of ethanol and importance of water on permeation of drugs through human third\u2010degree burn eschar"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Ghaffari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid R","family":"Moghimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Manafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habibolah","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.403-434.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(92)90118-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2008.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Effect of hydration on barrier performance of third\u2010degree burn eschar.","volume":"3","author":"Makhmal Zadeh BS","year":"2006","journal-title":"Irn J Pharm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2007.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2009.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197309000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196804000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181db5215"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-6-41"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734606286472"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"The effect of ethanol extract of Wrightia tinctoria bark on wound healing in rats.","volume":"4","author":"Veerapur VP","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nat Remed"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Influence of ethanol extract of Vinca rosea on wound healing in diabetic rats.","volume":"6","author":"Nayak S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","first-page":"1570","article-title":"Potential activity of ethanolic extract of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) rhizomes extract in accelerating wound healing in rats.","volume":"4","author":"Mahmood AA","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Plants Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2008.30.7.1159653"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(93)90006-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(94)00321-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780849359033.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","unstructured":"Makhmal ZadehBS.Studying the barrier properties of third\u2010degree burn eschar and improving its permeability by physical and chemical enhancement methods.PhD Thesis. 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