{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:14:13Z","timestamp":1789164853563,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Approximately one out of four sexually active women in the United States uses some form of hormonal contraceptive method because they provide the most effective reversible method of birth control available. However, little attention has been paid to possible adverse effects of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on sexual functioning.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the potential effects of COCs on women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). It was hypothesized that female patients with generalized, acquired HSDD on COCs have lower androgen levels than those not on COCs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The patients were healthy premenopausal women with HSDD, aged 22\u201350 years. Subjects had a history of adequate sexual desire, interest, and functioning. Participants were required to be in a stable, monogamous, heterosexual relationship and were screened for any medication or medical or psychiatric disorders that impact desire. The patients met operational criteria for global, acquired HSDD. The 106 patients were divided into two groups: those on COCs (N = 43) and those not on COCs (N = 63). A two-tailed t-test comparison was made between the two groups comparing free and total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main outcome measures are the differences between the two groups comparing free testosterone, total testosterone, and SHBG.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These patients with HSDD on COCs had significantly lower free and total testosterone levels compared with those who were not on COCs. The SHBG was significantly higher in the group on COCs compared with those who were not on COCs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The result of this study suggests that COCs in premenopausal women with HSDD are associated with lower androgen levels than those not on COCs. Further research is required to determine if low androgen levels secondary to COCs impact female sexual desire.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00294.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T17:47:47Z","timestamp":1156182467000},"page":"878-882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Comparison of Androgens in Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Those on Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs) vs. Those Not on COCs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Julia K.","family":"Warnock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma\u2014Psychiatry , Tulsa , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Clayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virgina Health System\u2014Department of Psychiatric Medicine , Charlottesville , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Croft Group Research Center , San Antonio , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Segraves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MetroHealth\u2014Psychiatry , Cleveland , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faye C.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma\u2014Psychiatry , Tulsa , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032600165284600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.6.537","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors","volume":"281","author":"Laumann","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024032600165284600_bib2","article-title":"DSM-IV: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1994"},{"key":"2024032600165284600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(93)90024-F","article-title":"The relationship between mood and sexuality in women using an oral contraceptive as a treatment for premenstrual symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Graham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2024032600165284600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(95)00226-X","article-title":"The effects of steroidal contraceptives on the well-being and sexuality of women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-centre study of combined and progestogen-only methods","volume":"52","author":"Graham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2024032600165284600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0070(81)80087-3","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and depression: Impact, prevalence and cause","volume":"2","author":"Slap","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"2024032600165284600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/ejc.8.3.129.134","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the modification of sexual desire of users of oral hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices","volume":"8","author":"Martin-Loeches","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"2024032600165284600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01541939","article-title":"Oral contraceptives, androgens, and the sexuality of young women: II. 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