{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:56:16Z","timestamp":1790186176741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,25]],"date-time":"2006-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose: <\/jats:bold> This article reviews the literature from the past 40 years of research related to monosodium glutamate (MSG) and its ability to trigger a migraine headache, induce an asthma exacerbation, or evoke a constellation of symptoms described as the \u201cChinese restaurant syndrome.\u201d<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Data sources: <\/jats:bold> Literature retrieved by a search using PubMed, Medline, Lexis\u2010Nexus, and Infotrac to review articles from the past 40 years.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions: <\/jats:bold> MSG has a widespread reputation for eliciting a variety of symptoms, ranging from headache to dry mouth to flushing. Since the first report of the so\u2010called Chinese restaurant syndrome 40 years ago, clinical trials have failed to identify a consistent relationship between the consumption of MSG and the constellation of symptoms that comprise the syndrome. Furthermore, MSG has been described as a trigger for asthma and migraine headache exacerbations, but there are no consistent data to support this relationship. Although there have been reports of an MSG\u2010sensitive subset of the population, this has not been demonstrated in placebo\u2010controlled trials.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Implications for practice: <\/jats:bold> Despite a widespread belief that MSG can elicit a headache, among other symptoms, there are no consistent clinical data to support this claim. Findings from the literature indicate that there is no consistent evidence to suggest that individuals may be uniquely sensitive to MSG. Nurse practitioners should therefore concentrate their efforts on advising patients of the nutritional pitfalls of some Chinese restaurant meals and to seek more consistently documented etiologies for symptoms such as headache, xerostomia, or flushing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,25]],"date-time":"2006-09-25T09:22:03Z","timestamp":1159176123000},"page":"482-486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: A literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(87)90003-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled challenge (DBPCC) of persons reporting adverse reactions to monosodium glutamate (MSG)","volume":"93","author":"Altman D. R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Umami\u2014The fifth taste","volume":"80","author":"Birks S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Manufacture"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Analysis of adverse reactions to monosodium glutamate (MSG) (Report)","author":"Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(81)91918-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Monosodium glutamate: A safety assessment","author":"Food Standards Australia New Zealand","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.1058S","article-title":"Review of alleged reaction to monosodium glutamate and outcome of a multicenter double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled study","volume":"130","author":"Geha R. S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.110794"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)91438-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2944(71)90052-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","article-title":"Chinese food: A wok on the wild side","author":"Hurley J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nutrition Action Newsletter"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(86)90014-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","article-title":"Chinese\u2010restaurant syndrome","volume":"278","author":"Kwok R. H. M","year":"1968","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"534","article-title":"Dieta y migra\u00f1a","volume":"24","author":"Leira R.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Revista de Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Monosodium glutamate induced asthma: A study of the potential risk in 30 asthmatics and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Moneret\u2010Vautrin D. 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