{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T01:24:16Z","timestamp":1783387456367,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]],"date-time":"2011-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> <jats:italic>For a long time, criminologists have contended that neighborhoods are important determinants of how individuals perceive their risk of criminal victimization. Yet, despite the theoretical importance and policy relevance of these claims, the empirical evidence base is surprisingly thin and inconsistent. Drawing on data from a national probability sample of individuals, linked to independent measures of neighborhood demographic characteristics, visual signs of physical disorder, and reported crime, we test four hypotheses about the mechanisms through which neighborhoods influence fear of crime. Our large sample size, analytical approach, and the independence of our empirical measures enable us to overcome some of the limitations that have hampered much previous research into this question. We find that neighborhood structural characteristics, visual signs of disorder, and recorded crime all have direct and independent effects on individual\u2010level fear of crime. Additionally, we demonstrate that individual differences in fear of crime are strongly moderated by neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics; between\u2010group differences in expressed fear of crime are both exacerbated and ameliorated by the characteristics of the areas in which people live.<\/jats:italic> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00228.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,31]],"date-time":"2011-05-31T10:31:30Z","timestamp":1306837890000},"page":"331-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":254,"title":["DO NEIGHBORHOODS GENERATE FEAR OF CRIME? AN EMPIRICAL TEST USING THE BRITISH CRIME SURVEY*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"IAN","family":"BRUNTON\u2010SMITH","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PATRICK","family":"STURGIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Worry about Crime in England and Wales: Findings from the 2003\/04 and 2004\/05 British Crime Survey","author":"Allen Jonathan","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Fear of criminal victimization and residential location: The influence of perceived risk","volume":"32","author":"Bankston William B.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118619179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"2007\u201308 British Crime Survey (England and Wales): Technical Report Volume 1","author":"Bolling Keith","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Empirical Model\u2010Building and Response Surfaces","author":"Box George E. 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