{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:11:22Z","timestamp":1790457082401,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of School Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> The Gateway Drug Theory suggests that licit drugs, such as tobacco and alcohol, serve as a \u201cgateway\u201d toward the use of other, illicit drugs. However, there remains some discrepancy regarding which drug\u2014alcohol, tobacco, or even marijuana\u2014serves as the initial \u201cgateway\u201d drug subsequently leading to the use of illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin. The purpose of this investigation was to determine which drug (alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana) was the actual \u201cgateway\u201d drug leading to additional substance use among a nationally representative sample of high school seniors.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> This investigation conducted a secondary analysis of the 2008 Monitoring the Future 12th\u2010grade data. Initiation into alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use was analyzed using a Guttman scale. Coefficients of reliability and scalability were calculated to evaluate scale fit. Subsequent cross tabulations and chi\u2010square test for independence were conducted to better understand the relationship between the identified gateway drug and other substances' use.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> Results from the Guttman scale indicated that alcohol represented the \u201cgateway\u201d drug, leading to the use of tobacco, marijuana, and other illicit substances. Moreover, students who used alcohol exhibited a significantly greater likelihood of using both licit and illicit drugs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> The findings from this investigation support that alcohol should receive primary attention in school\u2010based substance abuse prevention programming, as the use of other substances could be impacted by delaying or preventing alcohol use. Therefore, it seems prudent for school and public health officials to focus prevention efforts, policies, and monies, on addressing adolescent alcohol use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00712.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,20]],"date-time":"2012-06-20T02:03:37Z","timestamp":1340157817000},"page":"371-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Alcohol as a Gateway Drug: A Study of US 12th Graders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Tristan","family":"Kirby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam E.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States, 2009. Surveillance and summaries, [June 4, 2010].","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","volume-title":"Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975\u20132008. Volume I: Secondary School Students (NIH Publication No. 09\u20107402).","author":"Johnson LD","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings(Office of Applied Studies NSDUH Series H\u201038A HHS Publication No. SMA 10\u20104586 Findings). Rockville MD:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services.Healthy People 2020 Topics and Objectives. [Online]. Available at:http:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/topicsobjectives2020\/objectiveslist.aspx?topicid=40. Accessed December 6 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","unstructured":"US Department of Justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.Drinking in America: Myths Realities and Prevention Policy.[Online]. Available at:http:\/\/www.udetc.org\/documents\/Drinking_in_America.pdf. Accessed November 12 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.5.949"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Strategies to prevent underage drinking.","volume":"26","author":"Komro KA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022647910711"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00618.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.026567"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1997.58.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(97)90009-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48626-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1996.0059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(01)00211-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260803800205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511499777"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02139522"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.3.360"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1993.tb06150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v19n04_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.7.668"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1992.53.447"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.12.2134","article-title":"Predictors of marijuana use in adolescents before and after licit drug use: examination of the Gateway Hypothesis.","volume":"163","author":"Tarter RE","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpg002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Guttman approach to modeling drug sequences: bridging literature gaps.","volume":"6","author":"Howell RJ.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Soc Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203139"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412986441"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316444400400116"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/001316444800800303","article-title":"On Guttman's scale analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Edwards AL.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","volume-title":"Measurement and Prediction.","author":"Guttman LL.","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/266460"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","volume-title":"Criterion\u2010Based Referenced Language Testing.","author":"Brown JD","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00291.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","volume-title":"Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables.","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States 2000. State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System.Available at:http:\/\/apps.nccd.cdc.gov\/statesystem\/. Accessed March 28 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1998.tb03488.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","unstructured":"Carnevale Associates.Federal Commitment to School\u2010Based Drug Prevention Diminishing.Available at:http:\/\/www.ncpc.org\/cms\u2010upload\/ncpc\/File\/School_Prevention_Brief.pdf. Accessed March 9 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(99)00050-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511499777.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Handbook of Drug Prevention: Theory, Science, and Practice.","author":"Botvin GJ","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyf050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/acri.41.2.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024630205999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(02)00295-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034399201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021314704811"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","volume-title":"National Health Education Standards: Achieving Excellence.","author":"The Joint Committee on National Health Education Standards.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.CDC's School Health Education Resources (SHER): characteristics of an effective health education curriculum.Available at:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/HealthyYouth\/SHER\/characteristics\/index.htm. Accessed April 8 2011."}],"container-title":["Journal of School Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1746-1561.2012.00712.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00712.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T07:44:30Z","timestamp":1698651870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00712.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00712.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00712.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-4391","1746-1561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-4391","type":"print"},{"value":"1746-1561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-06-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}